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Super Imperialism The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance

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Super Imperialism
The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance

by Michael Hudson


- revised edition
Pluto Press 2003
425 pages
ISBN 074531989

List prices
Paperback - $ 35.00
Hard cover - $ 85.00

Press release


How America will get Europe to finance its 2002-03 Oil War with Iraq

Michael Hudson

In the 1991 Gulf War, America got its allies to bear most of the costs voluntarily. After all, U.S. diplomats asked, wasn't the war fought to protect Kuwait and the next petro-domino, Saudi Arabia, from Iraqi attack - and in the process to protect Europe's oil and gas supplies from an aggressive grabber? Wasn't it therefore fair to ask the Kuwaitis and Saudis, along with the Germans, British and other countries, to bear the lion's share of the cost of the oil war?

Europe and the Near East agreed to pay, and their central banks turned over some of the U.S. Treasury bonds they had accumulated by running trade and payments surpluses year after year with America. But as matters stood it did not really matter whether they wanted to finance America's wars or not. The international financial system gave them little choice but to do so.

The Treasury-bond standard of international finance has enabled the United States to obtain the largest free lunch in history. Whereas the world's financial system formerly rested on gold, central bank reserves now are held in the form of U.S. Treasury IOUs that can be run up without limit. America has been buying up Europe, Asia and other regions with paper credit that it has informed the world it has little intention of ever paying off. That is the essence of today's "paper gold," and there is little Europe or Asia can do about the situation except reject the dollar and create their own alternative financial system.

What makes today's Super Imperialism different from past "private enterprise" imperialism
Michael Hudson's Super Imperialism: The Origins and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance explains how forcing the dollar off gold in 1971 obliged the world's central banks to finance the U.S. balance-of-payments deficit by using their surplus dollars to buy U.S. Treasury bonds, whose volume now exceeds America's ability or willingness to pay.
These payments finance the U.S. Government's domestic budget as well. The larger America's balance-of-payments deficit grows, the more dollars end up in the hands of European, Asian and Near Eastern central banks, and the more money they must recycle back to the United States by buying its Treasury bonds, whose interest rates have fallen steadily. Over the past decade American savers have been net sellers of these bonds, putting their own money into the higher yielding stock market, real estate and corporate bonds.
Past studies of imperialism have focused on how companies invest in other countries to extract profits and interest. This phenomenon occurs largely via private investors and exporters, and any nation can play this game. But today's newest form of financial imperialism occurs between the U.S. Government and the central banks of nations running balance-of-payments surpluses. The larger their surpluses grow, the more U.S. Treasury securities they are obliged to buy. The new imperialism occurs on inter-governmental account.



How the United States makes other countries pay for its wars

Since Europe's Middle Ages and Renaissance, going to war has left nations with heavy public debts. Two centuries ago Adam Smith gave a list of how each new war borrowing in Britain had led to a new tax being imposed to pay its interest charges. Belligerent nations became highly indebted, high-tax and high-cost economies.

When foreign funds could not be borrowed, countries had to pay gold to defray the costs of their military spending, or go off gold to print money freely and see their currencies depreciate. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815 and again after World War I, Britain and other countries imposed deflationary policies lead to trade depression until prices fell to a point where the currency achieved its prewar gold price. Such economies were sacrificed to save creditors from suffering a loss of their capital as measured in gold.

At first America's war in Vietnam seemed to follow this time-honored scenario. U.S. overseas military spending ended up in the hands of foreign central banks, which cashed in their surplus dollars for gold almost on a monthly basis from the 1965 troop buildup onward. Germany did on a quiet scale what General de Gaulle did with great fanfare in cashing in the dollars sent from France's former colonies in Indo-China.

By 1971 the dollar's gold cover - legally 25 percent for Federal Reserve currency - was nearly depleted, forcing America to withdraw from the London Gold Pool. The dollar no longer could be redeemed for gold at $35 an ounce. It seemed that the Vietnam War had cost America its world financial position, just as World War I had stripped Britain and its Allies of their financial leadership as a result of their arms debts to the United States.

In going off gold, however, the United States inaugurated a new of system of international finance. It was a double standard, a dollar-debt standard whose consequences have drained Europe and Asia of hundreds of billions of dollars worth of output and property.
Today the Near East and Moslem world have announced their opposition to a new U.S. oil war, and popular opinion throughout Europe also has turned against American adventurism.

At first glance it might appear that America will have to finance its war alone.

And indeed it would if today's global financial system were what it was before 1971. In that bygone era it seemed that no country ever again could go to war without seeing its international reserves depleted and its currency collapse, forcing its interest rates to rise and its economy to fall into depression. Yet in all the argument over the coming U.S.-Islamic war, Europeans have not seen that it is they that will have to bear the U.S. military costs, and to do so without limit.

Almost without anyone noticing, central banks have been left with only one asset to hold: U.S. Treasury bonds of dubious value.
Central banks do not buy stocks, real estate or other tangible assets. When Saudi Arabia and Iran proposed to use their oil dollars to buy American companies after 1972, U.S. officials let it be known that this would be viewed as an act of war. OPEC was told that it could raise oil prices all it wanted, as long as it used the proceeds to buy U.S. Government bonds or small minority positions in U.S. companies via the stock market, creating a nice boomlet for U.S. investors to ride. This enabled Americans to pay for oil in their own currency, not in gold or other "money of the world." Oil exports to the United States, as well as German and Japanese autos and sales by other countries, were bought with paper dollars that could be created ad infinitim.

Imagine if third world countries, Europe or Asia could do this. It would mean the end of austerity and a new era of affluence. But under today's international financial system this option is available only to America.

America's free lunch as Europe's and Asia's expense

After World War I and during World War II, U.S. diplomats forced Britain and other countries to pay their arms debts and other military expenditure by selling off their gold and turning over their major companies to U.S. investors. But this is not what American officials are willing to do today, now that the balance-of-payments tables have turned. The world economy now operates on a double standard that enables America to spend internationally without limit, following whatever economic and military policies it wishes to without facing any international constraint.

U.S. officials claim that the world's dollar glut has become the "engine" driving the international economy. Where would Europe and Asia be, they ask, without the U.S. import demand? Do not dollar purchases help other countries employ labor that otherwise would stand idle?

This kind of rhetorical question fails to acknowledge the degree to which America imports foreign goods, buys foreign assets and pumps dollars into the world economy without providing any quid pro quo. The important question to be asked is why European and Asian central banks don't create their own domestic credit to expand their markets. Why can't they increase their consumption and investment levels rather than relying on the U.S. economy to buy their consumer goods and capital goods for surplus dollars that have no better use than to accumulate in the world's central banking system as excess reserves?

The answer is that Europe and Asia suffer from a set of economic blinders known as the Washington Consensus. It is a cover story to perpetuate America's free ride at global expense by pretending that the Treasury bill standard is something other than an exploitative free ride. The idea is to block other countries from creating their own credit, while enabling the United States to do so at will.

Toward debtor countries American diplomats work through the World Bank and IMF to demand that debtors raise their interest rates and impose taxes and austerity programs to keep their wages low, sell off their public domain to pay their foreign debts, and deregulate their economy so as to enable foreign investors to privatize local electricity, telephone services and other infrastructure formerly provided at subsidized rates to help these economies grow. Toward creditor nations, however, America relates as the world's most Highly Indebted Military Power by refusing to raise its own interest rates or taxes, or to permit key U.S. industries to be sold off.

Super-Imperialism explains how this double standard came about. Hudson's narrative begins with World War I, showing how unforgiving America was of Europe's arms debts. Its stance was in sharp contrast to France's forgiveness of America's own Revolutionary War debt, and also to America's insistence today that Europe and Asia agree to finance present and future U.S. wars or trade deficits with unlimited lines of credit.

The United States used Britain as its Trojan Horse within Europe after World Wars I and II by getting Britain to acquiesce in relinquishing its world economic power to America instead of trying to go it alone. In both wars America and Britain than confronted the rest of Europe with a fait accompli on harsh U.S. terms. It looks as if little has changed today.

Prof. Hudson began writing Super Imperialism while serving as the balance-of-payments economist for the Chase Manhattan Bank and Arthur Anderson in 1964-69, and completed it in 1972 while teaching international finance at The New School in New York. (He is now Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of Missouri at Kansas City.) His book was soon translated into Spanish, Japanese, Russian and Arabic, and a new and revised edition was republished in Japan earlier this year before being published in Britain by Pluto Press.

This book was the first to explain how America has obliged other countries to finance its payments deficit, including its foreign military spending and its corporate buyouts of European and Asian companies. The Treasury-bill standard enables America to import goods far beyond its ability to export, providing the United States with a unique form of affluence achieved by getting a free ride from Europe, Asia and other regions. When British exporters (or the owners of companies or real estate being sold for dollars) receive more dollars, for instance, the recipients turn these payments over to the Bank of England for sterling. The Bank of England in turn invests these dollars in U.S. Treasury bonds, receiving a relatively small interest rate. There is no alternative for how to spend these dollars now that the gold option has been closed. America has found a way to make the rest of the world pay for its imports, and indeed pay for its takeover of foreign companies, and most imminently to pay for its new war in the Middle East.

In effect, America has devised a new means to tax Europe and Asia via their central banks' willingness to accept unlimited sums of dollars. Super Imperialism reviews how the British and Germans, Japanese and Chinese, and even the central banks of France and Russia are about to finance the war in Iraq indirectly, by absorb the dollars that will be thrown off by America's military adventurism. The burden on Europe and Asia is not felt directly as a tax, but works indirectly through their payments surpluses with the United States.



Contact:
mhmichael-hudson.com
www.michael-hudson.com

Super Imperialism : The Origin and Fundamentals of U.S. World Dominance

PEMILIHAN DAN PENGANGKATAN SEORANG IMAM/ RAJA/ PRESIDEN (KEPALA NEGARA/PEMERINTAH)

http://moch-memed.blogspot.com/2009/11/pemilihan-dan-pengangkatan-seorang-imam.html

PEMILIHAN DAN PENGANGKATAN SEORANG IMAM/ RAJA/ PRESIDEN (KEPALA NEGARA/PEMERINTAH)

Ringkasan Pemahaman Ayat-ayat Al Qur’an

tentang Negeri yang diberkahi, Khalifah Allah di Bumi, Imam, Bani Israil sepeninggal N. Musa – raja Thalut – Daud dan Sulaiman – Kaum Saba.

(1) Negeri yang diberkahi dan negeri yang disiksa.

Suatau negeri akan diberkahi bilamana penduduknya beriman, taqwa dan beramal shaleh, dengan sebenar-benarnya iman, taqwa dan amal shaleh yang diridloi-Nya sesuai dengan petunjuk-Nya (Al Qur’an dan Sunatullah) serta selalu bersyukur dan sabar. Tetapi bila mereka mendustakan (ayat-ayat Allah) itu, maka Allah siksa mereka disebabkan perbuatan atau amalnya (Q.7/96). Suatu negeri yang baik dengan penuh ampunan (Q.34/15) perlu berada dibawah organisasi kepengurusan yang baik pula dan dipimpin oleh seorang raja yang baik yang diridloi Allah.

(2) Khalifah Allah di Bumi (Q. 24/55; Q.11/61 dan Q.33/72).

Dengan izin Allah, manusia dijadikan-Nya Wakil (Mandataris) Allah di Bumi, Pengganti (Representative) Allah di Bumi, Pemimpin (Leader) di Bumi, Pengurus (Manager) di Bumi, serta diberi-Nya amanat, tugas, hak, wewenang dan tanggung jawab (ATHWT) untuk mengurus dan memakmurkan bumi.

Syarat Khalifah Allah di Bumi yang diridloi-Nya:

1) Bukan orang-orang kafir dan fasik.
2) orang-orang yang beriman,
3) beramal shaleh,
4) teguh terhadap agama yang telah diridhai-Nya,
5) tetap beribadah kepada-Allah dengan tiada mempersekutukan sesuatu apapun dengan Allah,

Allah menggantikan ketakutan menjadi aman sentausa

(3) Imam (Pemimpin, Koordinator).

Syarat Imam yang diridloi Allah (Q.21/73):

1) memberi petunjuk dengan perintah Allah yang tersurat didalam Al Qur’an
2) mereka mengerjakan kebajikan,
3) mendirikan shalat,
4) menunaikan zakat, dan
5) hanya kepada Allah mereka selalu beribadah

(4) Ingatlah bahwa Kekuasaan, Kerajaan, Kemulian, Kebajikan, Waktu, Kehidupan dan Rezki semuanya milik Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu (Q. 3/26 sd 3/28)

(5) Pemuka-pemuka Bani Israil (golongan Yahudza*) membutuhkan seorang raja sebagai pemimpin untuk berperang di jalan Allah melawan Jalut dan tentaranya yang ganas serta berbuat kerusakan di dalam negeri mereka. Jalut telah mengusir mereka dan anak-anak dari kampung halaman mereka (Q.2/246)

(6) Mereka Bani Israil (golongan Yahudza *) minta kepada Nabi mereka (N. Samuel) untuk dipilihkan seorang raja dari kaumnya (Q.2/246).,

(7) Nabi mereka, atas nama Allah, mengajukan Thalut yang berasal bukan dari kaumnya untuk dijadikan raja atas kehendak Allah, sesuai dengan tanda-tanda dia dapat dijadikan raja. (Q. 2/247).

(8) Tanda-tanda Thalut akan menjadi raja, ialah kembalinya tabut kepada mereka / Bani Israil, yang di dalamnya terdapat yang menenangkan dari Robb-mereka (Tuhan-mereka) dan sisa dari peninggalan keluarga Musa dan keluarga Harun; Tabut itu dibawa oleh Malaikat (Q. 2/247)..

(9) Thalut layak dijadikan Raja, karena Allah memberinya ilmu yang luas, hikmah (kearifan) dan tubuh yang perkasa untuk mengendalikan pemerintahan, meskipun dia bukan seorang pemuka dan bukan orang yang kaya (Q.2/247).

(10)Meskipun mula-mula mereka memprotes pengangkatan Thalut menjadi raja, namun setelah mendapatkan petunjuk yang berada di dalam Tabut, akhirnya mereka menerima ketentuan Allah bahwa Thalut pantas diangkat jadi raja (Q. 2/247).

(11)Sesuai dengan prasangka Nabi mereka, sebahagian besar dari mereka yang berjanji akan berperang, ternyata mereka perpaling, tidak mau ikut berperang dan zalim. Hanya sedikit saja di antara mereka yang tidak berpaling dan menjadi pengikut Thalut (Q. 2/249).

(12)Dengan kesabaran atas diri mereka, dan kekokohan pendirian yang dituangkan Allah kepada mereka dan atas pertolongan Allah terhadap orang-orang kafir, dengan izin Allah (Q.2/250), Thalut dengan pengikutnya yang sedikit namun taat dan lulus ujian dari Allah (Q. 2/249, mereka tidak meminum air sungai yang terlarang / tercemar), dapat mengalahkan Jalut dengan tentaranya dan Daud membunuh Jalut.

(13)Sepeninggal Thalut, maka Daud dijadikan raja, dan kepadanya Allah memberikan Pemerintahan, Hikmah dan pengajaran / Ilmu yang dikehendaki-Nya.

(14)Daud diberi kurnia dari Allah dengan ditundukkan atau perintah bertasbih kepada-Nya berulang-ulang, gunung-gunung dan burung-burung, bersama Daud. (Tanda-tanda Sumberdaya Alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan manusia: dari gunung kelur magma yang mengandung logam dan burung merupakan model pesawat dan satelit teknik informasi)

(15)Allah telah melunakkan besi untuknya dan Daud diajari dan diperintahkan membuat baju besi dengan ukuran yang tepat dan berbuat baik. (Teknologi dan alat-peralatan teknologi) - Sesungguhnya Allah melihat apa yang kamu kerjakan,

(16)Daud dan Sulaiman mampu memberi keputusan dengan benar kepada rakyatnya,tentang suatu perkara dengan disaksikan Allah (Q.21/78)

(17)Nabi Sulaiman diberi kemampuan berteknologi tinggi (untuk jamannya yang disebut muzizat)

1) Kemampuan bergerak cepat dengan tenaga angin. Untuk mengadakan perjalanan dengan kekuatan angin yang kencang tiupannya yang berhembus dengan perintahnya ke negeri yang Allah telah memberkatinya. Kecepatan jelajah perjalann N. Sulaimam dengan kekuatan angin, sama dengan perjalanan sebulan (30 hari) perjalanan biasa (dengan kuda 7 km/jam0 namun ditempuh dalam kurun waktu pagi atau petang (enam jam). Kecepatan jelajah dengan angin = (30 x 24 x 7) / 6 = 960 km/jam

2) Teknologi metalurgi dan alat-peralatan teknologi. Pengcoran cairan tembaga untuk membuat alat-peralatan teknologi untuk perang dan prasarana yang lain,

3) Allah menundukkan jin dan manusia untuk bekerja bagi Sulaiman membuat apa yang dikehendakinya berupa gedung-gedung yang tinggi dan patung-patung dan piring-piring yang (besarnya) seperti kolam dan periuk yang tetap,

4) Informasi yang diberikan oleh burung hud-hud (sekarang satelit)

(18)Kaum Saba setelah bergabung beriman-islam bersama N. Sulaiman, diberi kemampuan untuk memakmurkan negerinya antalain membangun Bendungan, untuk mengairi lahan gersang sehingga menjadi subur dan rakyat menjadi sejahtera, Negeri yang baik penuh dengan ampunan-Nya. Namun karena generasi penerusnya kembali tidak beriman dan tidak bertaqwa, maka negeri mereka mendapat siksa dilanda banjir dan lahannya kembali menjadi tandus.(Q.34/15 sd 34/17).

q Kesimpulan dari pemahaman ayat-ayat Al Qur’an

(tentang Pemilihan dan pengangkatan seorang Raja yang diridloi Allah)

(1) Raja sebagai khalifah dan imam, dia dibutuhkan untuk memimpin suatu kaum, dalam berperang dan berjihad di jalan Allah, mampu mengendalikan pemerintahan, menjaga dan mempertahankan kedaulatan negara, mencegah perbuatan merusak, tidak ingkar janji dan tidak jahat, mampu memakmurkan negeri dan mensejahterakan rakyat dengan adil (mencapai negeri yang baik penuh berkah dengan pengampunan dari Allah YM Penerima Taubat dan YM Pengampun),

(2) Pemilihan Raja dan Wali. Dahulu, seorang Raja diusulkan untuk dipilih dan diangkat oleh Nabi. Sekarang sesudah tidak ada lagi Nabi (N. Muhammad nabi terakhir), maka para Ulama yang memiliki ilmunya luas (Ilmu Al Qur’an, Hadits / Ilmu Qauliyh dan Sunatullah perintah Allah bagi alam / Ilmu Kauniyah) sebagai penerus para Nabi seyogianya merekalah yang memilihkan calon-calon raja yang berkualitas tinggi, untuk selanjutnya salah seorang dari calon dipilih oleh rakyat atas nama Allah. Ulamapun sebagai penerus para nabi harus berperilaku seperti nabi yang dengan jihad menyampaikan perintah dan larangan Allah, peringatan Allah, dan kabar gembira, sesuai dengan yang tersurat dan yang tersirat didalam Kitab Allah (Al Qur’an). Pemilihan dan penunjukan harus berdasarkan musyawarah, adil dan tawakal kepada-Nya.

(3) Rakyat yang memilih dan mendukungnyapun seharusnya dari orang-orang yang beriman dan taqwa., jangan memilih seorang wali dari yang kafir

(4) Adapun ciri-ciri seseorang yang dapat dipilih dan diangkat menjadi raja, harus seorang muslim berpredikat sebagai khalifah Allah di bumi dan Imama yang benar, serta memiliki ciri-ciri yang khusus untuk dapat menjadi seorang raja. (lihat lampiran berikut).

q Ciri-ciri Raja yang diridloi Allah.

Seseorang yang dapat diusulkan, dipilih dan diangkat menjadi raja (pemimpin), haruslah mempunyai ciri-ciri yang tersurat dan tersirat di dalam Al Qur’an dan Hadits sebagai berikut (Allah-lah YM. Mengetahui dan YM.Benar):

1) Membaca dan memahami apa yang tersurat dan yang tersirat di dalam Al Qur’an tanpa ada keraguan dan sungguh sungguh mengamalkannya (ciri utama orang taqwa – Q.2/2)

2) Taqwa dengan sebenar-benarnya Taqwa menurut Al Qur’an, Beriman (Rukun Iman yang lima) dan Beramal shaleh yang diridloi-Nya, dengan mengikuti petunjuk Allah (Al Qur’an dan Sunatullah), Muslim (Q.3/102 sd. 3/107), berorientasi kepada keselamatan dengan mentaati Allah, Rosul Allah dan Pengurus di antara mereka (Q.4/59)

3) Menjadikan Rosulullah sebagai panutan yang baik disediakan untuk manusia (Q.33/21), beliau selalu berada di jalan yang benar yaitu jalan Allah, dalam berfikir, berperilaku dan bertindak (sifat Sidik), memegang teguh amanah dan menepati janji dengan Allah dan manusia (sifat Amanah), Cerdas (sifat Fatonah) dan menyampaikan apa yang perlu disampaikan (Tabligh)

4) Memiliki ciri-ciri khalifah Allah di bumi yang mampu melaksanakan amanat, tugas, hak, wewenang dan tanggung jawab (ATHWT) untuk mengurus dan memakmurkan bumi. (Q.24/55):

1. Bukan orang-orang kafir dan fasik (ciri orang fasik: Q.2/26,27,59,99)
2. orang-orang yang beriman dan beramal shaleh (yang diridlo-Nya, Q/46/15)
3. teguh terhadap agama (Islam) yang telah diridhai-Nya,
4. tetap beribadah kepada-Allah dengan tiada mempersekutukan sesuatu apapun dengan Allah,

5) Memiliki sifat-sifat Imam (Q. 21/73) sebagai berikut:
1. memberi petunjuk dengan perintah Allah (yang tersurat dan tersirat di dalam Al Qur’an),
2. mereka mengerjakan kebajikan (Q.2/177),
3. mendirikan shalat,
4. menunaikan zakat,
5. dan hanya kepada Allah mereka selalu beribadah

6) Memiliki Ilmu yang luas dan Hikmah / Kebijakan (Ilmu Al Qur’an, Sunatullah dan Teknologi) (Q.2/247) dan Perekayasa (ulul albaab) (Q.3/190 dan 13/19 sd. 13/ 24)

7) Memiliki fisik yang kuat, teguh pendirian dan sabar serta selalu berdoa memohon pertolongan Allah dan diberi-Nya kemampuan untuk mengendalikan pemerintahan (Q.2/247),(Q.2/250)

8) Memiliki “pasukan, tentara, pendukung, pembantu” yang teruji dan sabar (Q. 2/249), (Q.8/65);

9) Mampu mengobarkan semangat para mukminin untuk berjihad dan berperang di jalan Allah dengan kesabaran (Q.8/65);

10) Menguasai dan memahami hukum-hukum Allah (Q.21/78), (Q.21/79) dan berbagai macam NHSPM (Norma, Hukum, Standar, Pedoman dan Manual, yang disusun berdasarkan petunjuk-Nya oleh yang berkompeten dalam bidangnya untuk mengurus berbagai urusan di bumi.

11) Mengkoordinasikan dan membagi habis tugas Pengurusan Bumi, yang dapat dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok pengurusan, yaitu Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia berdasarkan NHSPM.

12) Mampu memberi atau mengambil keputusan dengan benar dan tepat tentang suatu perkara, dengan disaksikan atau atas nama Allah YM. Mengetahu, YM Bijaksana dan YM. Adil (Q.21/78)

13) Mendapat rekomendasi dan dukungan dari para ulama paripurna (Qauliyah dan Kauniyah) yang berpredikat sebagai penerus Nabi (Q.2/246).

14) Menjadi tokoh / pemuka / panutan yang berkompeten sebagai Peneliti (ahli dzikir), Ilmuwan (ulama), Perekayasa (ulul albaab), Penyebar rahmat Allah (seperti guru dan pedagang), Imam (koordinator), Penguasa, Pengawas, Wasit (hakim) dan Pelindung (Waliyun), yang sejalan dengan ATHWT yang diembannya dan sesuai dengan kemampuan yang diberikan Allah

q Peringatan:

Suatu negeri hanya akan diberkahi Allah seandainya penduduknya beriman, bertaqwa dan berbuat kebaikan. Tetapi sebaliknya bila mereka mendustakan (ayat-ayat Allah), maka Allah akan menyiksa mereka disebabkan perbuatan atau amalnya (Q.7/96). Ingatlah bahwa Kekuasaan, Kerajaan, Kemulian, Kebajikan, Waktu, Kehidupan dan Rezki semuanya milik Allah. Janganlah memilih waliyun orang-orang kafir. Allah Maha Kuasa atas segala sesuatu (Q.3/26 sd 3/28)


Pemilihan dan Pengangkatan
seorang RAJA dan pemuka
di suatu negeri yang diberkahi allah

(mengacu kepada Al Qur’an)

q Pendahuluan

Suatu negeri pasti akan diberkahi Allah dari langit dan bumi seandainya penduduk negeri tersebut beriman dan bertakwa. Dengan diturunkannya hujan dari langit maka bumi atau tanah yang asalnya mati dan kering akan menjadi basah dan subur. Bumi yang subur dengan air yang cukup akan menjadi makmur seandainya penduduknya mempunyai keinginan, memiliki ilmu, teknologi dan keterampilan berekayasa untuk mengurus atau mengelola bumi dengan segala sumberdayanya dengan benar dan baik tanpa merusaknya.

Pengurusan Bumi yang diserahkan Allah kepada manusia yang diangkat-Nya sebagai khalifah Allah di Bumi dapat dibagi ke dalam dua golongan kegiatan yaitu Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam (PSDA) dan Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia (PSDM). PSDA harus dilakukan oleh Sumberdaya Manusia yang berkualitas. PSDA harus dilakukan dengan benar dan baik agar negeri menjadi makmur, tanpa berbuat kerusakan.

Yang dimaksud dengan Sumberdaya Alam yaitu Sumberdaya yang dapat diperoleh di dan yang sampai di Bum. Adapun yang dapat diurus atau dikelola manusia ialah Sumberdaya Air (SDA) yang jatuh dari langit dan telah ditempatkan-Nya di Bumi (di Darat dan Laut), Sumberdaya Lahan Darat.

Pengurusan Bumi seharusnya dilakukan berdasarkan petunjuk Allah dan NHSPM. Berbagai macam NHSPM (Norma, Hukum, Standar, Pedoman dan Manual) masih perlu disipakan dan disusun oleh para ahli dzikir(peneliti), ilmuwan, perekayasa (Ulul albaab), dijabarkan dari apa yang tersurat dan tersirat di dalam Al Qur’an dan Sunatullah dan didesiminasikan kepada seluruh penduduk untuk dimanfaatkan oleh yang berkepentingan.

Pengurusan Bumi di suatu negeri sesungguhnya merupakan ATHWT (amanat, tugas, hak, wewenang dan tanggung jawab) yang diberikan Allah kepada manusia yang benar-benar dijadikan-Nya khalifah Allah dibumi. Dan pengurusan Bumi di suatu negeri, secara prinsipiil, harus dilakukan terkordinasi, menyeluruh, berwawasan lingkungan, berkelanjutan dan berkesinambungan dengan melibatkan seluruh masyarakat.penduduk negeri dengan prinsip pembagian THWT berdasarkan musyawarah dan tawakal kepada Allah.

ATHWT yang diberikan Allah dalam Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam (PSDA) dan Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Manusia (PSDM) pelaksanaannya seharusnya diserahkan kepada orang-orang yang berkompetensi sesuai dengan kompetensinya masing-masing

Suatu negeri menjadi negeri yang baik penuh dengan ampunan-Nya, makmur dan sejahtera dengan berkeadilan sesuai dengan ridlo Allah.

Setiap manusia diberi-Nya kesempatan berkompetensi dan pemuka:

(1) Peneliti (Ahli dzikir)
(2) Ilmuwan (Ulama)
(3) Perekayasa (Ulul Albaab)
(4) Penyebar rakhmat Allah dan Penasihat (Rakhmatan lil ’alamiin)
(5) Koordinator (Imam)
(6) Pengurus (ulil amri) suatu urusan
(7) Pengayom
(8) Penguasa (amir, mulkun, sultan) suatu daerah dengan penduduknya
(9) Pengawas dan pemberi peringatan (polisi)
(10)Penyidik perkara (jaksa)
(11)Penengah dan Pemutus perkara(Wasit dan Hakim)
(12)Pelindung (Waliyun)

Pengurusan SDA dan SDM sebaiknya dimasukkan ke dalam sistem kelompok kerja Departemental, yang terdiri dari Departemen-departemen Utama yang mengkordinir berbagai macam Departemen yang masing-masing diperlukan mengurus suatu kelompok urusan. Departemen Utama (Dept. U) yang diperlukan antara lain:

(1) Departemen Utama PSD-Alam dan Pekerjaan Umum, yang diberi tugas dan tanggung jawab teknik urusan PSDA, untuk TURDALWASBIN dalam menggali, memanfaatkan, mengembangkan dan mengkonservasi dayaguna Sumberdaya Alam dan mengantisipasi dan menanggulangi dampak negatif dayarusak Sumberdaya Alam alamiah dan daya rusak akibat perbuatan manusia (kerusakaan Lingkungan SDA).

Dept.U. PSDA ini membawahi antara lain:

1) Departemen Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Air,
2) Dept. Kebinamargaan dan Trasportasi,
3) Dept. Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian dan Perikanan Darat,
4) Dept. Sumberdaya Kehutanan dan Reboisasi,
5) Dept. Sumberdaya Pertambangan, Mineral dan Listerik,
6) Dept. Sumberdaya Kelautan,
7) Dept. Sumberdaya Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan
8) Dept. Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan dan Transmigrasi.

(2) Departemen Utama PSDM dan Kesejahteraan, yang diberi tugas dan tanggung jawab memperoleh dan mendaya-gunakan Sumberdaya Manusia yang berkualitas tinggi (berakhlak, menguasai ilmu, hikmah, teknologi / ilmu teknik, menguasai dan mentaati petunjuk Allah danNHSPM, mampu berperan serta dalam berekayasa alat peralatan teknologi).

Dept.U. PSDM ini membawahi antara lain:

1) Departemen Pendidikan dan Pengajaran,
2) Dept Kesehatan dan Pengobatan,
3) Dept. Pemuda dan Olahraga,
4) Dept. Agama dan Adat,
5) Dept. Kesejahteraan Masyarakat
6) Dept. Tenaga Kerja dan Urbanisasi

(3) Departemen Utama Keselamatan Tanah Air, yang bertugas dan bertanggung jawab untuk mencegah kerusakan SDA, mempertahankan kedaulatan negara, melindungi keselamatan manusia dan sumberdaya alam, ketenteraman penduduk negeri dari gangguan kejahatan, kemungkaran, kebathilan, keamanan, ketertiban dan dari perlawanan hikmah dan kebijaksanaan.

Dept.U. PSDM ini membawahi antara lain:

1) Dept Pertahanan dan Keamanan
2) Dept. Kepolisian dan Kejaksaan
3) Dept. Kehakiman
4) Dept. Lingkungan Hidup dan Penyelamatan Aset Negara

(4) Departemen Utama Perdagangan, Perekonomian, Keuangan dan Zakat yang bertugas dan bertanggung jawab mengumpulkan infak dan menyebarkan rakhmat Allah

Dept.U. PSDM ini membawahi antara lain:

1) Dept. Perindustrian
2) Dept Perdagangan dan Logistik
3) Dept. Keuangan dan Zakat

(5) Departemen Utama Komunikasi dan Informasi yang bertugas dan bertanggung jawab menjaga dan meningkatkan silaturahim (kesatuan dan persatuan) di antara penduduk di dalam negeri dengan para eksekutif, legislatif dan dengan penduduk negera sahabat.

Dept.U. Kominfo ini membawahi antara lain:

1) Dept. Komunikasi, Data dan Informasi,
2) Dept. Dalam Negeri,
3) Dept. Luar Negeri.

(6)

* q Negeri yang diberkahi dan negeri yang memperoleh siksa
* q Kisah Pemilihan dan Pengangkatan Raja Thalut, Daud dan Sulaiman
* q Ringkasan Pemahaman Ayat-ayat Al Qur’an (tentang Negeri yang diberkahi, Khalifah Allah di Bumi, Imam, Bani Israil sepeninggal N. Musa – raja Thalut – Daud dan Sulaiman – Kaum Saba)
* Kesimpulan dari pemahaman ayat-ayat Al Qur’an
* (tentang Pemilihan dan pengangkatan seorang Raja yang diridloi Allah)
* Ciri-ciri Raja yang diridloi Allah.

GLOBAL PULSE: G20 - A New World Order (11/13/2008)

(November 13, 2008) With the financial crisis in full swing, the leading economic countries, the G7, are now turning to developing nations for support and guidance. President Bush is hosting the first in a series of meetings called the G20 that will include economic powerhouses like China, Russia and Brazil. But, these countries want more say in future economic decisions. With their huge reserves of foreign currency and fairly stable economies, a new world order could be on the horizon.


SOURCES: KBS News, South Korea; Al Jazeera English, Qatar; CCTV, China; TVE, Spain; BBC World, U.K.; CNN, U.S.

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Global Pulse is a fast-moving and informative television and web series that helps you navigate the news of the world by comparing and contrasting TV news reports. See all the episodes of Global Pulse at http://linktv.org/globalpulse
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http://www.sec.gov/divisions/enforce/primebank/howtheywork.shtml

How Prime Bank Frauds Work

Prime bank programs often claim investors' funds will be used to purchase and trade "prime bank" financial instruments on clandestine overseas markets in order to generate huge returns in which the investor will share. However, neither these instruments, nor the markets on which they allegedly trade, exist. To give the scheme an air of legitimacy, the promoters distribute documents that appear complex, sophisticated and official. The sellers frequently tell potential investors that they have special access to programs that otherwise would be reserved for top financiers on Wall Street, or in London, Geneva or other world financial centers. Investors are also told that profits of 100% or more are possible with little risk.

Individuals and entities are targeted, including municipalities, charitable associations and other nonprofit organizations. The promoters of these schemes have demonstrated remarkable audacity, advertising in national newspapers, such as USA Today and the Wall Street Journal. Some promoters of these schemes avoid using the term "Prime Bank note," and tell prospective investors that their programs do not involve prime bank instruments in an effort to demonstrate that their programs are not fraudulent. Regardless of the terminology, the basic pitch – that the program involves trading in international financial instruments – remains the same, and investors should continue to be vigilant against such fraud.

Signs of Banking-Related
Investment Fraud

Below are warning signs of prime bank or other fraudulent bank-related investment schemes.

Excessive Guaranteed Returns

These fraudulent investment pitches typically offer or guarantee spectacular returns of 20 to 200 percent monthly, absolutely risk free. Promises of unrealistic returns at no risk are hallmarks of prime bank fraud.

Fictitious Financial Instrument

Despite having credible-sounding names, the supposed "financial instruments" at the heart of any prime bank scheme simply do not exist. Exercise caution if you've been asked to invest in a debt obligation of the top 100 world banks, Medium Term Bank Notes or Debentures, Standby Letters of Credit, Bank Guarantees, an offshore trading program, a roll program, bank-issued debentures, a high yield investment program, or some variation on these descriptions. Promoters frequently claim that the offered financial instrument is issued, traded, guaranteed, or endorsed by the World Bank (Department of Institutional Integrity (INT) or Operations Evaluation Department) , International Monetary Fund (IMF), Federal Reserve, Department of Treasury, International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), or an international central bank.

Extreme Secrecy

Promoters claim that transactions must be kept strictly confidential by all parties, making client references unavailable. They may characterize the transactions as the best-kept secret in the banking industry, and assert that, if asked, bank and regulatory officials would deny knowledge of such instruments. Investors may be asked to sign nondisclosure agreements.

Exclusive Opportunity

Promoters frequently claim that investment opportunities of this type are by invitation only, available to only a handful of special customers, and historically reserved for the wealthy elite.

Claims of Inordinate Complexity

Investment pitches frequently are vague about who is involved in the transaction or where the money is going. Promoters may try to explain away this lack of specificity by stating that the financial instruments are too technical or complex for nonexperts to understand.

You should be especially watchful for prime-bank related schemes promoted over the Internet. Despite numerous SEC actions charging prime bank promoters with multiple violations of the federal securities laws, prime bank offerings continue to proliferate in cyberspace.

If you have any information regarding the offer or sale of "prime bank" or similar financial instruments, or programs employing these instruments, please provide that information to the SEC's Division of Enforcement immediately by using the Enforcement Complaint Center. You also may want to visit other helpful websites to learn more about prime bank-related fraud.

http://www.treasurydirect.gov/instit/statreg/fraud/fraud_primebank.htm

Prime Bank Instrument Fraud

Prime Bank Instrument fraud schemes have attracted significant international attention, since individuals and organizations have lost billions of dollars worldwide. "Prime Bank Instrument Fraud" is the general term given to fraud schemes that go by many different names, including:

• Prime Bank Debentures
• Prime Bank Guarantees
• High-Yield Trading or Roll Programs
• Standby Letters of Credit
• International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 3039 or 3034 Letters of Credit
• Guaranteed Bank Notes
• Discounted U.S. Treasury Securities
• International Monetary Fund Backed Securities

Common Examples

In these schemes, the fraud artists purport to have access to a secret trading program sanctioned by the Federal Reserve Bank, the Treasury Department, the World Bank, the International Chamber of Commerce, or the International Monetary Fund. Read about a fairly common example of how this fraudulent world is explained to potential investors. The more the explanation given to you resembles this explanation, the more likely you're being offered a fraudulent investment.

• Various "prime bank" trading programs or similar trading programs that offer secret, private investment markets, which purport to offer above average market returns with below market risk through the trading of bank instruments are fraudulent.
• Offering such programs, or claiming to be able to introduce investors to people who have access to such programs, violates many federal laws including criminal laws.
• There are no "secret" markets in which banks trade securities. Representations to the contrary are fraudulent.

Also, investment programs in which a financial institution is asked to write a letter, commonly referred to as a "Blocked Funds Letter," advising that funds are available in the account, "clean, and of non-criminal origin," and free of "liens or encumbrances" for a certain time frame, are frequently used to perpetrate fraud schemes. These letters have no use in legitimate banking circles.

The symbols, names, and products of the U.S. Treasury Department are misused in these schemes in several ways. Some schemes claim that the U.S. Treasury:

• Backs or approves such programs
• Has a "secret trading room"
• Must approve the humanitarian projects connected to these schemes
• Has purchased securities for investors to guarantee against loss
• Has a way to pool investor funds and buy and sell securities "just like the Rockefellers can."

NONE of these assertions are true.

It is illegal to engage in fraud in the offer or sale of a security. Under most circumstances, it is also illegal to sell securities that have not been registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. A security includes the following items: "note," "stock," "bond," and "debenture" and more general terms such as "investment contract" and "any interest or instrument commonly known as a 'security'." Designating such instruments as "loans" does not change their legal status as securities. SEC v. W.J. Howey Co., et. al, 328 U.S. 293 (1946).

Warning Signs

• Name dropping
• Buzzwords
• Excessive secrecy
• Over-reliance on authentication
• Excessive disclaimers
• Unwarranted appearance of professionalism
• Big player behind the scenes
• Yields are too high
• Lack of transactional basis
• A secondary market where these investments can be laid off quickly and profitably
• Flawed documentation

What to Look For

There are many terms that are commonly seen in documents presented by fraudsters in marketing fraudulent investment schemes. Fraudsters often mimic and misuse legitimate banking terms. Many of the following genuine terms are misused along with those that have no meaning in the real world. They are thrown together in documents that contain a mix of fact and fiction, often confusing to a first-time investor.

• Non-circumvention
• Non-disclosure
• Good, Clean, Clear, and of Non-Criminal Origin
• Blocked Funds Investment Program
• Prime Bank Trading Program
• Federal Reserve Approved
• Treasury Approved
• Roll Program
• Irrevocable Pay Orders
• Prime Bank Debentures, Notes, Guarantees, Letters of Credit
• Fresh-Cut Paper
• High-Yield Investment Program (HYIP)
• ICC 3034 or 3039 Letter of Credit
• Off Balance Sheet Program
• Prime Bank Debenture Trading
• Prime Bank Instruments, Notes, Guarantees, Trades, or Letters of Credit
• Prime European Bank Letters of Credit
• Prime World Bank Debentures or Financial Instruments
• Prime Insurance Guarantees
• High-Yield Debenture Trading, Financial Programs, Asset Management Programs
• High-Yield Investment Programs (HYIP)
• High-Yield Promissory Notes or Bank Notes
  Guaranteed Bank Notes
• Intermediate Bank Notes
• Roll Programs or Bank Debenture Roll Programs
• ICC 500 or 600 Bank Debenture Instrument
  IMF (International Monetary Fund) Stand-by Letters of Credit
  IMF Backed Securities, Bill of Exchange, Bill of Equity, or Backed Bonds
  Discounted U.S. Treasury Obligations, Renting or Leasing of Treasury Securities
  Blocking of Assigned Treasury Securities
• "Limited Edition" or Defacto Treasury Securities
  US Dollar Bonds, Federal Notes, Medium, or Mid-Term Notes or Bank Notes
  Blocked Funds Letters or Investment Programs, Documentary Letters of Credit
  Irrevocable Pay Orders, Collateral First Debentures, Money Center Bank
  Fresh Cut Paper or Bank Debentures, Bank Paper
• Seasoned Bank Debentures
  Private Placement Programs
• Private Trading Programs
  International Certificate of Deposit (LCD)
• Irrevocable Bank Purchase Order (IBPO)
  Irrevocable Corporate/Confirmed Purchase Order (ICPO)
  Irrevocable Prime Bank Commitment
• Zero Coupon L/C

More Prime Bank Investment Fraud phrases to watch for:

• Secret trading program
• Banks or Federal Reserve will deny involvement in these programs
• Non-circumvent / non-disclosure Agreements
• Funds are "Good, Clean, Clear, and of Non-criminal Origin"
• Funds pooled together for minimum trade amounts of $10,000,000 or $100,000,000 (sometimes listed as "Ten [10] Million USD,"and the like)
• Interest rates guaranteed from 6% to 100% to 1000% each month
• Trades with only the top 10, 25, or 50 banks in the world, such as Barclays or Credit Suisse
• Program backed, approved, or sanctioned by the Federal Reserve Bank (FED or FRB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), or the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) or the Treasury Department
• "Trader," "Facilitator," or "Broker"
• Only 5 to 10 "traders" in the world have access to this program; Trader will conduct 40 trades each year.
• Percentage of the yield will go to charity, social programs, or humanitarian efforts
• U.S. Government Agencies will deny the existence of these programs because the Government does not want your money to leave the U.S.
• U.S. Government Agencies try to seize the funds for themselves
• "Due 1, 5 or 10 years and 1 day"
• "108" bank to bank certificate which guarantees the principle + 8% annual interest
• "Funds of non-criminal origin, are legally owned by or assigned for the participation in a specified High Yield Asset Management Program"
• Principal is guaranteed and/or secured by letters of credit "The funds will remain in a bank account that only you are signer on. These funds will be used as collateral."
• Offshore trust accounts / tax free interest
• Can obtain proceeds through Visa debit cards
• Advised to remove from legitimate pension/WA accounts and send funds to self directed pension companies who collateralize the funds with a note, and are then invested in Prime Bank Instruments
• Our "Facilitator" has access to the worlds top "trader"
• "Trader" "Trading Bank" "Exit Buyer"
• The way all banks or big banks make their money
• Trades are sometimes referred to as "Tranches"
• Only a select few are invited to participate in the trading program
• Originally established by the elite families such as the Rockefellers, Gettys, Rothschilds, and the Carnegies.
• Fractionalize or collateralize the funds
• Fractional banking laws
• Hypothecation with insurance companies ($1.2M needed for insurance company to "hypothecate" $l00M needed for the trade)
• Investment periods quoted on contracts would be "90 banking days," "one year and one day," or "five years and one day"
• Program developed to level out the yo-yo syndrome in the banking industry
• "The information contained in this document is for information purpose only and is not intended as a solicitation nor an offer to sell any form of securities"
• Invested funds are fully secured by a Bank Endorsed Guarantee
• "Cash" Wire Transfer
• C&F ASWP
• Comfort Letter
• "Conditional" S.W.I.F.T. Payment
• CUSIP Number
• Discounting L/Cs
• "Trades are specifically established at a term of 1 year and 1 day, so it does not have to appear on the bank's balance sheet"
• Foreign Bank Advice
• Irrevocable, Divisible, Assignable, Transferable, Fractionable, Revolving, Confirmed L/C Payable 100% at Sight
• Key-Tested Telex (KTT)
• Market to Buy or Sell L/Cs
• Proof of Funds
• Proof of Product
• Ready, Willing, and Able (R,W, & A)
• Soft Probe
• 2% Performance Bond
• Pre-advise issued by bank
• Bank responsible commitment of funds
• A claim that the "promoter" has a steady business relationship with a large international bank
• A refusal to give "full disclosure" of all involved
• The expression "mandated agent"
• Standby letter of credit (SLC)