http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/politik/2010/12/22/brk,20101222-300806,id.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter

Pertemuan SBY dengan Sultan Difasilitasi Aburizal Bakrie

Rabu, 22 Desember 2010 | 13:12 WIB

Besar Kecil Normal

Aburizal Bakrie. TEMPO/Imam Sukamto

TEMPO Interaktif, Jakarta - Gubernur Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Sultan Hamengkubuwono X membenarkan bertemu Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Selasa (21/12) kemarin difasilitasi oleh Aburizal Bakrie. "Kemarin saya ketemu dijembatani Ical," ujar Sultan Hamengkubuwono X seusai peringatan Hari Ibu di Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Rabu (22/12).

Menurut dia, hari Sabtu (18/12) Aburizal Bakrie pergi ke Yogyakarta, bertemu Sultan untuk menanyakan aspirasinya. Lantas terjadilah pertemuan anatara Sultan dengan SBY di Wisma Negara, Kompleks Istana Kepresidenan, kemarin.

Sultan menuturkan, pertemuan itu terbagi dalam dua segmen. Pertama-tama, Sultan bertemu empat mata dengan Presiden. Lantas Aburizal masuk dan ikut dalam diskusi.

Sayangnya, Sultan enggan mengungkapkan apa yang mereka bicarakan. "Saya tidak mau menyebutkan, jangan sampai mendahului dialog antara pemerintah dengan DPR, saat ini kan sedang reses," ucapnya.

Namun, ia menyiratkan tetap berbeda pendapat dengan pemerintah pusat soal pemilihan Gubernur Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Sultan bersikukuh pada penetapan, bukan pemilihan. "Kita memang bicara itu, tapi kan proses, yang penting dibuka peluang dialog," katanya.

Jadi apakah penetapan adalah harga mati ? "Masalah itu kan aspirasi masyarakat," ujarnya.

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• Keistimewaan Provinsi Yogyakarta

Pram: Persoalan Jogja Harus Dibicarakan Secara Mendalam

http://www.rakyatmerdeka.co.id/news.php?id=11863

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Pram: Persoalan Jogja Harus Dibicarakan Secara Mendalam
Senin, 13 Desember 2010 , 16:29:00 WIB

Laporan: Widya Victoria

RMOL. Terkait pembahasan RUU Keistimewaan Jogjakarta, Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) sangat bergantung dari bagaimana sikap fraksi-fraksi yang ada.

"Yang pasti cara pandang DPR akan sangat berbeda dengan cara pandang pemerintah dalam persoalan ini. Yang seperti itu harusnya dipahami, baik oleh pemerintah maupun para elit politik," ujar Wakil Ketua DPR Pramono Anung di Gedung DPR Senayan, Jakarta Pusat (Senin, 13/12).

Ia mengatakan, apa yang menjadi keresahan dalam masyarakat Jogjakarta bukanlah semata persoalan Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X ditetapkan atau tidak, tetapi yang lebih esensial adalah berkaitan dengan sejarah pendirian Republik Indonesia. Menurut Pram, jika dilihat dijalan dan spirit masyarakat Jogjakarta, sebenarnya lebih mengutamakan apa yang telah dilakukan Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX. Bukan yang berkaitan dengan keadaan sekarang, tetapi bagaimana komitmen Sultan HB IX pada bulan September 1945 dengan Bung Karno yang merupakan cikal bakal untuk pendirian Republik ini. Sehingga itu merupakan bagian dari komitmen Sultan HB IX yang saat ini ditagih oleh rakyat Jogja.

Pram menambahkan, hal ini merupakan hal yang harus dibicarakan secara mendalam dan dengan pengertian untuk kelanjutan Republik. Tidak bisa hanya melalui pendekatan pragmatis politik di DPR saja tapi harus dibicarakan lebih dalam.

"Drafnya menjadi heboh karena disosialisasikan di luar. Harusnya kalau mau membahas itu, dibahaslah di lembaga ini (DPR) yang memang mempunyai hak untuk membahas legislasi. Ini kan menjadi heboh, energi menjadi terbuang percuma karena terlalu banyak disosialisasikan di luar, apalagi sekarang ini dikaitkan dengan rencana pemerintah mendorong agar pemilihan Gubernur lewat DPRD tingkat Provinsi. Kalau mau dibahas di DPR, mungkin perbedaan itu bisa dipertemukan dan juga kita akan terbuka dalam pembahasan itu," tegas politisi PDI Perjuangan itu. [wah]

Baca juga:

Gamawan Miris, Baru Bahas Konsep Sudah Makin Panas

Gamawan: Sidang DPRD Tidak Pengaruhi RUU

Cak Imin Masih Bingung Tentukan Sikap

Pemerintah Ajukan Draf RUU Jogjakarta ke DPR Pekan Ini

Pemerintah Lambat, Draf RUU Belum Juga Dikirim ke DPR

Mata Uang Tunggal ASEAN Baru Rumor - 420 banks demand 1-world currency

http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/perbankan_keuangan/2010/12/10/brk,20101210-298147,id.html

Mata Uang Tunggal ASEAN Baru Rumor

Jum'at, 10 Desember 2010 | 19:08 WIB

TEMPO/Ramdani

TEMPO Interaktif, Jimbaran - Deputi Gubernur Bank Indonesia Muliaman Hadad mengatakan penerapan mata uang tunggal ASEAN mungkin tidak jadi dilakukan. "Itu masih wacana," katanya di sela acara South East Asian Central Banks di Hotel Intercontinental Jimbaran, Bali, Jumat (10/12).

Menurut Muliaman, hingga kini belum ada langkah-langkah yang diambil Bank Indonesia terkait dengan rencana penerapan mata uang tunggal itu. Apa yang terjadi di Yunani, Irlandia, dan Spanyol seiring dengan penerapan mata uang tunggal euro, kata Muliaman, harus menjadi pelajaran bagi ASEAN bila ingin menerapkan kebijakan serupa.

Perhimpunan Negara-Negara Asia Tenggara atau ASEAN kembali menyuarakan keinginan memiliki mata uang tunggal seperti halnya Uni Eropa dengan euro. Wacana mata uang tunggal tersebut sempat bergulir dua tahun lalu bersama tiga macan Asia: Cina, Jepang, dan Korea Selatan.

Deputi Gubernur Bank Indonesia Halim Alimsyah menambahkan, masalah yang dihadapi ASEAN berbeda dengan 12 negara di Uni Eropa. Penerapan euro dilakukan lewat proses panjang. Pembahasan sudah dilakukan pascakrisis 1930-an. "Munculnya perang di Eropa juga menjadi alasan keinginan membuat mata uang bersama," ujarnya.

Masalah yang dihadapi ASEAN umumnya tekanan, yang justru datang dari luar kawasan. Menurut Halim, penerapan mata uang tunggal ASEAN baru bisa dilakukan jika aktivitas perdagangan meningkat, sehingga mengurangi jurang perbedaan di antara negara ASEAN.

"Jadi, ketika perekonomian sudah sama-sama tinggi, baru konvergensi ekonomi yang lebih tinggi bisa dilakukan," katanya. Bila di suatu kawasan masih terdapat perekonomian suatu negara yang tertinggal, tidak mungkin dipaksakan untuk memakai mata uang bersama. "Kita harus setara dulu."

IQBAL MUHTAROM


http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=213953

FROM JEROME CORSI'S RED ALERT

420 banks demand 1-world currency

International finance group seeks remedy to looming exchange wars

---

Posted: October 10, 2010
12:06 am Eastern

© 2010

Editor's Note: The following report is excerpted from Jerome Corsi's Red Alert, the premium online newsletter published by the current No. 1 best-selling author, WND staff writer and senior managing director of the Financial Services Group at Gilford Securities.

The Institute of International Finance, a group that represents 420 of the world's largest banks and finance houses, has issued yet another call for a one-world global currency, Jerome Corsi's Red Alert reports.

"A core group of the world's leading economies need to come together and hammer out an understanding," Charles Dallara, the Institute of International Finance's managing director, told the Financial Times.

An IIF policy letter authored by Dallara and dated Oct. 4 made clear that global currency coordination was needed, in the group's view, to prevent a looming currency war.

(Story continues below)

"The narrowly focused unilateral and bilateral policy actions seen in recent months – including many proposed and actual measures on trade, currency intervention and monetary policy – have contributed to worsening underlying macroeconomic imbalances," Dallara wrote. "They have also led to growing protectionist pressures as countries scramble for export markets as a source of growth."

Dallard encouraged a return to the G-20 commitment to utilize International Monetary Fund special drawing rights to create an international one-world currency alternative to the U.S. dollar as a new standard of foreign-exchange reserves.

Likewise, a July United Nations report called for the replacement of the dollar as the standard for holding foreign-exchange reserves in international trade with a new one-world currency issued by the International Monetary Fund.

The 176-page report, titled "United Nations World Economic and Social Survey 2010," was issued at a high-level meeting of the U.N. Economic and Social Council and published in its entirety on the U.N. website.

For more information on demands for a global currency, read Jerome Corsi's Red Alert, the premium, online intelligence news source by the WND staff writer, columnist and author of the New York Times No. 1 best-seller, "The Obama Nation."

Red Alert's author, who received a doctorate from Harvard in political science in 1972, is the author of the No. 1 New York Times best-sellers "The Obama Nation" and (with co-author John E. O'Neill) "Unfit for Command." He is also the author of several other books, including "America for Sale," "The Late Great U.S.A." and "Why Israel Can't Wait." In addition to serving as a senior staff reporter for WorldNetDaily, Corsi is a senior managing director in the financial-services group at Gilford Securities.

Disclosure: Gilford Securities, founded in 1979, is a full-service boutique investment firm headquartered in New York City providing an array of financial services to institutional and retail clients, from investment banking and equity research to retirement planning and wealth-management services. The views, opinions, positions or strategies expressed by the author are his alone and do not necessarily reflect Gilford Securities Incorporated's views, opinions, positions or strategies. Gilford Securities Incorporated makes no representations as to accuracy, completeness, currentness, suitability or validity of any information expressed herein and will not be liable for any errors, omissions or delays in this information or any losses, injuries or damages arising from its display or use.

For full immediate access to Jerome Corsi's Red Alert, get your free subscription now.

KHILAFAH PASTI KEMBALI DENGAN IZIN DAN PERTOLONGAN ALLAH

http://islamic.xtgem.com/ibnuisafiles/list/2009/Januari/khilafah/2/hti03.htm

KHILAFAH PASTI KEMBALI DENGAN IZIN DAN PERTOLONGAN ALLAH


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[Edisi 416]. Tepat 28 Rajab 1429 H ini, kita telah memperingati 86 tahun momentum yang paling menyakitkan bagi umat Islam di seluruh dunia, yaitu runtuhnya Khilafah. Tanggal 28 Rajab 1342 H, bertepatan dengan 3 Maret 1924, Kemal Attaturk (seorang agen Inggris), secara resmi membubarkan Kekhilafahan Turki Utsmani. Malam harinya, tengah malam, Khalifah Islam terakhir, Sultan Abdul Majid, diusir!

Empat bulan kemudian, 24 Juli 1924, Perjanjian Laussane ditandatangani. Di antara isinya, Inggris mengakui kemerdekaan Turki sekaligus menarik pasukannya dari Turki. Merespon sikap Inggris ini, seorang perwira Inggris saat itu memprotes Menteri Luar Negeri Inggris, Curzon. Dengan enteng Curzon menjawab, �Yang penting, Turki telah kita hancurkan dan tidak akan pernah bangkit lagi, karena kita telah menghancurkan kekuatan spiritualnya, yaitu Khilafah dan Islam!� (Zallum, 2001: 184).

Curzon benar. Setelah sekitar 84 tahun menjadi republik, menerapkan hukum-hukum Barat sekular, dan membuang hukum-hukum Islam, Turki memang tidak pernah bangkit; kemakmuran tidak pernah terwujud; dan cita-cita untuk menjadi negara modern seperti Eropa tidak pernah terbukti. Turki bahkan nyaris bangkrut. Pada tahun 1994, 1 US$ dihargai 10.000 Turkish Lira (uang Turki). Pada tahun 2004, 1 US$ setara 1.500.000 Turkish Lira. Turki telah lama mengalami mega inflasi (di atas 100% pertahun). Di Turki ongkos naik bis kota pernah mencapai sejuta! (Fahmi Amhar, 2004).

Bandingkan kondisi Turki saat masih dalam wadah Khilafah dan menerapkan syariah. Tentang Kekhilafahan Turki Utsmani, Paul Kennedy, seorang pemikir Barat, menulis, �Imperium Utsmani lebih dari sekadar mesin militer; ia telah menjadi penakluk elit yang telah mampu membentuk satu kesatuan iman, budaya dan bahasa pada sebuah area yang lebih luas dibandingkan dengan yang pernah dimiliki oleh Imperium Romawi�� (Paul Kennedy-The Rise and Fall of The Great Powers: Economic Change an Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000).

Kehebatan dan keagungan Khilafah Islam bukan hanya pada masa Turki Utsmani, tetapi juga pada masa-masa Kekhilafahan sebelumnya, baik Abbasiyah, Umayah dan tentu saja masa Khulafaur Rasyidin. Tentang ini, Paul Kennedy, kembali menulis, �Dalam beberapa abad sebelum tahun 1500, Dunia Islam telah jauh melampaui Eropa dalam bidang budaya dan teknologi. Kota-kotanya demikian luas, rakyatnya terpelajar, perairannya sangat bagus. Beberapa kota di antaranya memiliki universitas-universitas dan perpustakaan yang lengkap dan memiliki masjid-masjid yang indah. Dalam bidang matematika, kastografi, pengobatan dan aspek-aspek lain dari sains dan industri, kaum Muslim selalu berada di depan.� (Paul Kennedy-The Rise and Fall of The Great Powers: Economic Change an Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000),

Kepastian Kembalinya Khilafah

Meski sedemikian fakta sejarah membuktikan, dan pengakuan pun datang bukan hanya dari pakar Islam, tetapi juga pakar non-Muslim, tetap saja ada pihak yang meragukan kembalinya Khilafah. Bahkan ada yang menganggap kembalinya Khilafah itu mustahil, dan orang yang hendak menegakkannya kembali itu bagaikan tengah berfantasi.

Berkaitan dengan soal di atas, perlu kami tegaskan di sini, bahwa orang yang mengatakan bahwa Khilafah tidak akan bisa tegak itulah yang justru tengah berfantasi. Dengan izin Allah, Khilafah akan tegak kembali. Keyakinan ini ditopang oleh empat perkara:

Pertama, jaminan dari Allah kepada orang-orang yang beriman dan beramal salih untuk memberikan kekuasaan di muka bumi, sebagaimana yang pernah diberikan kepada para pendahulu mereka.

وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُمْ فِي الْأَرْضِ كَمَا اسْتَخْلَفَ الَّذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ وَلَيُمَكِّنَنَّ لَهُمْ دِينَهُمُ الَّذِي ارْتَضَى لَهُمْ وَلَيُبَدِّلَنَّهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ خَوْفِهِمْ أَمْنًا يَعْبُدُونَنِي لَا يُشْرِكُونَ بِي شَيْئًا وَمَنْ كَفَرَ بَعْدَ ذَلِكَ فَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْفَاسِقُون

Allah telah berjanji kepada orang-orang yang beriman dan mengerjakan amal-amal salih di antara kalian, bahwa Dia sesungguhnya akan menjadikan mereka berkuasa dimuka bumi, sebagaimana Dia telah menjadikan orang-orang sebelum mereka berkuasa; akan meneguhkan bagi mereka agama yang telah Dia ridhai untuk mereka; dan akan menukar (keadaan) mereka, sesudah mereka dalam ketakutan, menjadi aman sentosa. Mereka tetap menyembahku-Ku tanpa mempersekutukan Aku dengan sesuatu. Siapa saja yang (tetap) kafir sesudah (janji) itu, mereka itulah orang-orang yang fasik. (QS an-Nur [24]: 55).

Kedua, kabar gembira dari Rasulullah saw. berupa akan kembalinya Khilafah Rasyidah ala Minhaji Nubuwwah (berdasarkan metode kenabian), setelah fase penguasa diktator pada zaman kita ini., Nabi saw. Bersabda, sebagaimana dituturkan Hudzaifah al-Yaman:

� تَكُونُ النُّبُوَّةُ فِيكُمْ مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ أَنْ تَكُونَ ثُمَّ يَرْفَعُهَا إِذَا شَاءَ أَنْ يَرْفَعَهَا ثُمَّ تَكُونُ خِلافَةٌ عَلَى مِنْهَاجِ النُّبُوَّةِ فَتَكُونُ مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ أَنْ تَكُونَ ثُمَّ يَرْفَعُهَا إِذَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ أَنْ يَرْفَعَهَا ثُمَّ تَكُونُ مُلْكًا عَاضًّا فَيَكُونُ مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ أَنْ يَكُونَ ثُمَّ يَرْفَعُهَا إِذَا شَاءَ أَنْ يَرْفَعَهَا ثُمَّ تَكُونُ مُلْكًا جَبْرِيَّةً فَتَكُونُ مَا شَاءَ اللَّهُ أَنْ تَكُونَ ثُمَّ يَرْفَعُهَا إِذَا شَاءَ أَنْ يَرْفَعَهَا ثُمَّ تَكُونُ خِلاَفَةً عَلَى مِنْهَاجِ النُّبُوَّةِ ثُمَّ سَكَتَ �.

�Akan ada fase kenabian di tengah-tengah kalian. Dengan kehendak Allah, ia akan tetap ada, kemudian Dia mengakhirinya, jika Dia berkehendak untuk mengakhirinya. Kemudian akan ada fase Khilafah berdasarkan metode kenabian. Dengan kehendak Allah, ia akan tetap ada, kemudian Dia akan mengakhirinya, jika Dia berkehendak untuk mengakhirinya. Kemudian akan ada fase penguasa yang zalim, ia akan tetap ada, kemudian Dia akan mengakhirinya, jika Dia berkehendak untuk mengakhirinya. Lalu akan ada fase penguasa diktator, ia akan tetap ada, kemudian Dia akan mengakhirinya, jika Dia berkehendak untuk mengakhirinya. Setelah itu, akan datang kembali Khilafah ala Minhajin Nubuwah (berdasarkan metode kenabian).� Kemudian Baginda saw. diam. (HR Ahmad).

Ketiga, umat Islam yang hidup dan dinamis tentu akan menyambut perjuangan bagi tegaknya Khilafah dan siap mendukung perjuangan ini hingga Allah mewujudkan janji-Nya. Setelah itu, mereka akan bahu-membahu merapatkan barisan untuk menjaga Khilafah. Sesungguhnya umat ini diturunkan sebagai umat terbaik (khayra ummah), yang akan selalu bergerak untuk mewudukan predikat itu. Allah SWT berfirman:

كُنْتُمْ خَيْرَ أُمَّةٍ أُخْرِجَتْ لِلنَّاسِ تَأْمُرُونَ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ وَتَنْهَوْنَ عَنِ الْمُنْكَرِ وَتُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللهِ

Kalian adalah umat terbaik, yang dihadirkan untuk seluruh umat manusia. Kalian harus menyerukan kemakrufan dan mencegah kemungkaran serta tetap mengimani Allah. (QS Ali �Imran [3]: 110).

Keempat, adanya partai (hizb) yang ikhlas, yang terus bekerja dengan sungguh-sungguh siang dan malam bagi tegaknya Khilafah semata karena hingga janji Allah dan kabar gembira dari Rasulullah saw. itu benar-benar terwujud. Partai itu, sikapnya lurus, tidak pernah takut terhadap cacian orang yang mencaci, tuntutannya tidak pernah melunak serta tekadnya tidak pernah melemah sampai cita-citanya tercapai. Seolah-olah ini membenarkan sabda Nabi saw., sebagaimana dikeluarkan Muslim dan Tsauban:

� لاَ تَزَالُ طَائِفَةٌ مِنْ أُمَّتِيْ ظاَهِرِيْنَ عَلَى الْحَقِّ لاَ يَضُرُّهُمْ مَنْ خَذَلَهُمْ حَتَّى يَأْتِيَ أَمْرُ اللهِ وَهُمْ كَذَلِكَ��

Akan selalu ada satu kelompok dari umatku, yang selalu memperjuangkan kebenaran. Mereka tidak akan bisa dinistakan oleh siapa pun yang menistakan mereka, hingga urusan Allah ini menang, dan mereka pun tetap seperti itu.

Sesungguhnya berdasarkan satu faktor di atas saja cukup untuk menyatakan bahwa perjuangan demi tegaknya Khilafah bukanlah fantasi. Lalu bagaimana jika keempat fakta tersebut menyatu?

Tegaknya Khilafah adalah Cita-cita dan Perjuangan Umat Islam

Dalil-dalil yang membuktikan kewajiban untuk menegakkan kembali Khilafah sangat banyak, baik al-Quran, as-Sunnah maupun Ijmak Sahabat. Itu sudah sering dan berulang kami kemukakan dalam berbagai kesempatan. Karena itu, kami tidak perlu mengemukakannya kembali. Apalagi masalah ini merupakan perkara ma�l�m min ad-d�n bi ad-dhar�rah (urusan agama yang sudah diyakini urgensitasnya).

Karena itulah, lihatlah sejarah dengan jujur, sejak Baginda Rasulullah saw. wafat, umat Islam berturut-turut mengangkat para khalifah; mulai dari Khulafaur Rasyidin (Abu Bakar, Umar bin al-Khaththab, Utsman bin Affan dan Ali bin Abi Thalib); Khilafah Umayah, Khilafah Abbasiyah hingga Khilafah Utsmaniyah. Selama berabad-abad umat Islam tidak pernah putus di tengah jalan untuk terus mempertahankan Khilafah. Mereka tidak pernah menunda pengangkatan khalifah baru jika khalifah sebelumnya wafat. Konsistensi sikap umat Islam ini tidak lepas dari kesadaran mereka akan wajib dan urgennya Khilafah bagi umat Islam. Ini sekaligus membuktikan kebenaran sabda Rasulullah saw.:

�وَإِنَّهُ لاَ نَبِيَّ بَعْدِي وَسَيَكُونُ خُلَفَاءُ فَيَكْثُرُونَ �

Sesungguhnya tidak ada nabi setelahku; yang akan ada adalah para khalifah dan mereka berjumlah banyak. (HR al-Bukhari, Muslim, Ibn Majah dan Ahmad).

Alhamdulillah, kini umat Islam pun paham, bahwa Khilafah telah menjadi satu-satunya tuntutan mereka. Umat pun telah merindukannya. Ditambah lagi dengan fakta dan peristiwa yang terjadi akibat ulah negara-negara kafir penjajah�baik di Irak, Afganistan maupun Palestina�seperti kezaliman, pembunuhan, perampokan kekayaan alam dan upaya memperbudak rakyatnya untuk memuaskan nafsu penjajahan mereka. Semuanya itu terekam dengan baik dalam benak umat, dan mereka sadar, bahwa umat ini membutuhkan kekuatan. Semua itu hanya bisa diwujudkan dengan Khilafah. Dengannya umat Islam di seluruh dunia ini akan bersatu padu sebagai satu umat.

Mereka juga sadar, bahwa umat Islam ini adalah satu; akidah mereka satu; agama mereka satu; al-Quran mereka satu; kiblat mereka satu; syariah mereka satu; dan kepemimpinan mereka pun�sebagaimana yang dituntut Allah dan Rasul-Nya�harusnya satu. Itulah Khilafah Islam. Kesadaran itu kini bagaikan bola salju yang terus menggelinding. Karena itu, kembalinya Khilafah tinggal soal waktu. Semuanya ada di tangan Allah. Karena itu, hanya dengan izin dan pertolongan Allah, Khilafah pasti akan tegak kembali! Wallahu a�lam

Sumber dana Freemasonry

Para Sultan Dukung Keistimewaan Yogya

sumber :
http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2010/12/05/1725383/Para.Sultan.Dukung.Keistimewaan.Yogya

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Para Sultan Dukung Keistimewaan Yogya

Laporan wartawan KOMPAS Siwi Yunita Cahyaningrum

Minggu, 5 Desember 2010 | 17:25 WIB

KOMPAS/FERGANATA INDRA RIATMOKO
Abdi dalem Darno Pawoko berjaga di seberang Bangsal Kencono di kompleks Keraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Kamis (18/11/2010), yang sepi pengunjung. Pascaerupsi Gunung Merapi, jumlah rata-rata wisatawan domestik yang berkunjung ke keraton tersebut turun dari 1.500 menjadi sekitar 150 orang per hari. Jumlah wisman yang berkunjung juga turun dari rata-rata 300 menjadi 70 wisatawan per hari.

CIREBON, KOMPAS.com - Para sultan atau raja di Nusantara yang tergabung dalam Forum Komunikasi dan Informasi Keraton Nusantara mendukung keistimewaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Hal itu dibahas oleh para sultan yang tergabung dalam forum itu pada saat Festival Keraton Nusantara di Palembang berlangsung.

Sultan Sepuh XIV Pangeran Raja Arief Natadiningrat, Minggu (5/12/2010) di Keraton Kasepuhan, Kota Cirebon, Jawa Barat mengatakan, di dalam pertemuan di sela-sela perayaan FKN itu, keistimewaan Yogyakarta menjadi salah satu tema diskusi. Hasilnya, Yogyakarta mendapatkan dukungan dari anggota Forum Komunikasi dan Informasi Keraton Nusantara (FKIK) yang berjumlah 40 keraton se-nusantara.

"Kami berharap, negara ini tidak melupakan sejarah. Dulu sebelum kemerdekaan Bung Karno meminta dukungan keraton untuk bisa membuat NKRI terwujud, karena saat itu tak ada dana untuk mendirikan negara. Saat itu keraton-keraton menyerahkan harta yang mereka punya untuk kemerdekaan negara ini," kata Arief.

Keunikan Yogyakarta, tambah Arief juga merupakan kekayaan Nusantara. Seharusnya keunikan itu tidak diseragamkan.

TERKAIT:

• Kesultanan Lain Bisa Cemburui Yogyakarta
• Sultan Yogya Simbol Tertinggi
• 71 Persen Rakyat Yogya Dukung Pilkada?
• "Sejarah Saya Memang Parah"
• Sikap Pemerintah Disesalkan

Ketidakpastian Kebijakan The Fed Lemahkan Dolar

Selasa, 07 Desember 2010 | 14:50 WIB

REUTERS/Lee Jae-Won

TEMPO Interaktif, Tokyo-- Dolar Amerika Serikat (AS) terdepresiasi terhadap mata uang rival utamanya di pasar Asia Selasa (7/12) karena ketidakpastian kebijakan moneter The Fed.

Indeks dolar AS terhadap enam mata uang utama dunia turun 0,034 (0,04 persen) menjadi 79,537. Dolar AS

Dolar AS sore ini melemah ke level yen 82,43 dibanding posisi kemarin di yen 82,64. Euro juga menguat 0,0039 (0,29 persen) menjadi US$ 1,3346, dan poundsterling Inggris juga naik 0,0061 poin (0,38 persen) menjajadi US$ 1,5776.

“Pada saat yang sama mata uang euro sedang terjebak dalam faktor positif dan negatif," menurut David Forrester,analis pasar uang dari Barclays Capital.

Gubernur bank sentral AS, Ben Bernanke dalam komentarnya mengatakan bahwa The Fed bisa memperpanjang program pembelian obligasi senilai US$ 600 miliar menjadi sentimen negatif bagi greenback (sebutan dolar AS).

Laporan di media bahwa telah tercapai kesepakatan antara Konggres dan pemerintahan Presiden Barack Obama untuk memperpanjang berlakunya pemotongan pajak di era presiden Bush dan pajak gaji liburan selama dua tahun memberi sentimen positif.

“Sedangkan ketidaksepakatan publik terhadap langkah otoritas Uni Eropa untuk menerbitkan obligasi untuk mencegah meluasnya krisis utang memberikan sentimen negatif bagi mata uang euro,” papar Forrester.

“Euro sedikit terapresiasi setelah media lokal menyatakan anggaran Irlandia akan lolos di konggres setelah dua anggota konggres independen menyatakan untuk berfikir terlebih dahulu,” kata Sue Trinh, analis mata uang dari Royal Bank of Canada.

Lolosnya pembahasan anggaran ini untuk mengamankan paket bantuan Irlandia senilai euro 85 miliar (US$ 113 miliar) dari Uni Eropa dan IMF (lembaga moneter internasional).

MARKETWATCH/ VIVA B. KUSNANDAR

sumber :
http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/perbankan_keuangan/2010/12/07/brk,20101207-297252,id.html?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter

Satu Lagi Skandal Bank Indonesia, Kasus Suap Pencetakan Uang pecahan Rp 100 Ribu

sumber :
http://itempoeti.com/2010/05/satu-lagi-skandal-bank-indonesia-kasus-suap-pencetakan-uang-pecahan-rp-100-ribu/

Satu Lagi Skandal Bank Indonesia, Kasus Suap Pencetakan Uang pecahan Rp 100 Ribu

Source : http://www.theage.com.au/national/playing-the-game-20100524-w81z.html

Berita mengejutkan yang dilansir oleh surat kabar harian The Age terbitan Australia sungguh bagai sebuah coreng di muka bangsa Indonesia.

Dalam artikel yang berjudul “Playing the game”, The Age secara terbuka mengungkapkan terjadinya kasus penyuapan terhadap pejabat BI (Bank Indonesia) yang dilakukan oleh RBA (Reserve Bank of Australia) terkait dengan pemenangan tender proyek pencetakan uang pecahan Rp100 ribu senilai 500 juta pada tahun 1999 semasa Syahril Sabirin menjadi Gubernur BI.

RBA yang merupakan bank sentral Australia sekaligus otoritas pencetakan uang di negara Kanguru memiliki unit usaha pencetakan uang yaitu Securency International and Note Printing Australia seperti halnya Peruri di Indonesia.

Lebih lanjut, pengungkapan yang dilakukan The Age didasarkan pada bocoran faksimili dan email yang bersifat rahasia antara Radius Christanto dengan pihak RBA dan Securency/NPA. Seperti yang tertulis dalam arikel lain yang berjudul “RBA Firms Agreed to Pay Bribes of $US 1,3 juta”, The Age juga mengungkapkan bahwa RBA melalui mediatornya di Indonesia, Radius Christanto, telah melakukan penyuapan sebesar $US 1,3 juta kepada dua pejabat BI.

Pengungkapan kasus ini terjadi setelah Age/ABC Four Corners dalam investigasinya mempeoleh keterangan dari seorang mantan pegawai Securency/NPA yang menyatakan bahwa dia diminta untuk membayar suap dan menyediakan wanita penghibur bagi beberapa pejabat Bank Sentral dari negara lain.

Dari bocoran korespondensi yang dilakukan Radius Christanto, terungkap pula bahwa dia menerima komisi sebesar $US 3.65 juta dari Securency/NPA melalui rekening banknya yang berada di Singapura atas keberhasilannya dalam memenangkan kontrak pencetakan uang pecahan Rp100 ribu pada tahun 1999, Bank Indonesia.

Selain itu, dalam faksimilinya juga terindikasi adanya pejabat BI yang berinisial “S” dan “M” yang menerima $US 1,3 juta dari RBA. The Age meyakini bahwa “S” dan “M” adalah pejabat senior Bank Indonesia yang memainkan peran kunci bagi keberhasilan RBA memenangkan kontrak pencetakan tersebut.

Dari apa yang diungkap oleh The Age, terbukti bahwa ketidakberesan yang terjadi terkait dengan praktek korupsi yang dilakukan oleh BI sesungguhnya sudah berlangsung lama sejak dulu.

Menjadi wajar jika dalam kasus penggelontoran dana bail-out Bank Century, Ketua KKSK sekaligus mantan Menteri Keuangan Sri Mulyani dengan tegas menyatakan hanya bertanggung jawab atas dana sebesar RP632 milyar yang telah disetujui, dan bukan pada Rp6,7 triliun yang akhirnya digelontorkan.

Nampaknya menjadi makin jelas kemana larinya dana Rp6,1 triliun sisanya…

sumber :

http://www.theage.com.au/national/playing-the-game-20100524-w81z.html

Playing the game

Richard Baker and Nick McKenzie

May 25, 2010

Radius Christanto

THE golf course was where Radius Christanto did his finest work. Hired by the Reserve Bank of Australia's banknote printing companies Securency and Note Printing Australia, the Jakarta middleman's passion for golf was such that the companies' senior executives would answer his phone calls by asking, ''What course are you on now?''

According to a former Securency employee, among Christanto's regular companions at the tee were top officials from the Indonesian central bank, Bank Indonesia, and state-owned currency printer Perum Peruri.

They were useful partners for a businessman who offered himself to the biggest players in the global banknote industry as the ''go to guy'' when it came to winning money-printing contracts in Indonesia.

Advertisement: Story continues below

Whenever executives from the RBA companies prepared to travel to Jakarta throughout 1999 to discuss a contract to print 500 million Indonesian banknotes, Christanto would often email or fax them with the reminder ''don't forget your golf shoes''.

The year 1999 turned out to be a good one for Christanto and his golfing friends. Securency and NPA landed their first Bank Indonesia contract to print half-a-billion 100,000 rupiah banknotes. The RBA companies promised the golf-playing Bank Indonesia officials more than $US1.5 million in payments, and Christanto was to be rewarded with a $US3.65 million commission for his trouble.

References to the rounds of golf and the huge commission payments are included in dozens of documents obtained by The Age that detail Christanto's confidential faxes and emails to the RBA companies during 1999.

The correspondence, which does not include replies from Securency or NPA, makes it clear that senior management at the RBA companies were well aware of the demand for bribes from Bank Indonesia officials and were, it seems, prepared to pay them.

''As Securency and NPA have signed the contract, all the total dollar figure is very clear. Please kindly issue the total COMM [commission] level in exact amount … please kindly understand my difficult position because it involves a very huge amount of money which have [sic] been committed to our friends,'' Christanto advised a top Securency executive in mid-1999.

This should have raised alarm bells at Securency and NPA about the type of business practices their Jakarta agent might be exposing them to, not to mention the institution that owned them, the well-regarded RBA.

But it did not and Christanto remained in active communication with the RBA companies until at least 2006, according to emails obtained by The Age.

Christanto, the RBA companies and Bank Indonesia were brought together because of the fear that the much-hyped ''millennium bug'' or Y2K phenomenon would lead to the collapse of computer systems around the world with the advent of the year 2000.

As 1999 progressed, governments and corporations worldwide took precautions to deal with possible problems arising from Y2K. Central banks were no different, and during 1999 they increased their banknote orders so that they would have plenty of cash at hand in the event computers crashed.

Bank Indonesia wanted to stockpile 100,000, 50,000 and 20,000 rupiah banknotes. For the 100,000 rupiah note, the central bank decided to try Securency's polymer formula for the first time - a decision largely resulting from the backroom dealings of Christanto and his Bank Indonesia golfing partners.

According to his correspondence with the RBA companies, Christanto made sure the executives in Melbourne knew early on in 1999 that Bank Indonesia officials were taking a strong interest in the rates of commission for the 100,000 rupiah contract.

In May 1999, just weeks before Bank Indonesia was due to announce who would print the 100,000 rupiah note, Christanto advised Securency executives of a strategy he had worked out with his ''friend'' at Bank Indonesia.

''Because of this moment everything is still strictly confidential, the Bank request not to fax the quotation but send them with the courier. I have discussed a lot and agreed with the following strategy:

''1. You mark up the price 20 per cent in your first quotation.

''2. Our friend will reply to you, the price is too high and please kindly reduce your price.

''3. Your second letter agrees to lower 15 per cent.

''4. Our friend will issue their final offer which reduce the additional 5 per cent.''

The upshot of this strategy was that if it was followed according to Christanto's instructions, Securency/NPA would have achieved a 10 per cent ''mark up'' on the actual cost of supplying Bank Indonesia with the banknotes. Securency told Bank Indonesia it would cost $US55.5 million to supply the banknotes, according to Christanto's correspondence.

On May 18, Bank Indonesia formally announced that the 100,000 rupiah note would be printed on the special plastic that was exclusively manufactured and promoted by the RBA companies. This was a coup, considering Indonesia had traditionally printed its money on paper.

Three days later, Christanto faxed a top Securency executive to nail down his commission, which he stated had previously been agreed as $US3.65 million. He referred to a May 19 fax from Securency to support his contention.

But Christanto was not finished. His fax outlined that Securency, as previously agreed, would also have to pay a man regularly referred to in the 1999 correspondence as ''Mr S'' the figure of $US1 million. In addition, Christanto advised that at least $US250,000 was owing to another man known as ''Mr M''.

The Age understands these two men occupied senior roles within Bank Indonesia's currency department during 1999. Christanto advised Securency that Mr M was important because he had written the ''owner's estimate'' - a Bank Indonesia document outlining the bank's expectation on what it would cost Securency/NPA to deliver the banknotes.

By late July, Bank Indonesia had paid the RBA companies the first instalment for the 100,000 rupiah banknote. Christanto again faxed a top Securency executive to advise him of the down payment and asked for his commission to be paid to a Bank of New York account in Singapore that in turn was held by a Swiss bank. He reminded the Securency executive that ''our friends'' at Bank Indonesia ''keep on asking me'' about when the commission will be paid.

It is not known whether Securency complied with Christanto's request, but his correspondence indicates the money was paid as he made no complaint about not receiving his fee.

And later in 1999, he referred to an inquiry from Bank Indonesia officials about whether commission rates for future contracts would be the same as the 100,000 rupiah-note commission fee.

While Christanto made no complaints about his financial circumstances, the same cannot be said for the mysterious Mr M. Numerous faxes and emails from Christanto to Securency executives outline Mr M's concern about a delay in his payment, as well as the amount he said he was owed.

Christanto repeatedly contacted a senior Securency figure in mid-1999 to request that one of the company's top sales executives visit Jakarta to sort out the ''pending issue'' with Mr M, who ''calls me every day asking for the $US300,000''.

The correspondence shows Christanto documenting the visit of a senior Securency executive in August and an agreement to increase Mr M's payment to $US300,000. Christanto thanked top Securency figures in Melbourne for solving the problem, adding that it would help him and his Bank Indonesia friends prevent rival banknote manufacturers winning upcoming contracts.

On November 11, Christanto advised Securency that since it had agreed to match the commission rate it paid for the 100,000 rupiah contract for future tenders, Bank Indonesia officials had ''committed to help me and stop the paper [rival product] tender for the 20,000 and 50,000''. But Christanto was to prove unsuccessful and the contracts were not awarded to Securency.

Christanto outlined one further transaction between the RBA companies and Bank Indonesia in 1999. This time the Australian companies needed to pay because they were late in meeting the central bank's deadline to ensure it had enough banknotes stockpiled to deal with any Y2K problems.

According to Christanto's correspondence, both he and the RBA companies knew they could not meet Bank Indonesia's expectations when they signed the contract in May 1999. But it appears neither informed Bank Indonesia, with Christanto telling a Securency executive, ''before you sign the contract I dare not disclose the delivery problem''.

Later in the year, when it became apparent the RBA companies were running behind schedule, Bank Indonesia summoned senior Securency and NPA executives to Jakarta to explain themselves and work on some form of compensation.

In October, Christanto drafted a letter from Securency and NPA to Bank Indonesia in which they acknowledged ''some penalty payment is likely''. Over a game of golf, Christanto negotiated with his Bank Indonesia contacts that Securency would pay $US344,000.

He reported the arrangement back to Securency and NPA executives in Melbourne, telling them the money was likely to be split into ''official'' and ''unofficial'' amounts. It appears the money was paid.

IN ADDITION to his love of golf, Radius Christanto was also fond of using code names to describe himself. According to sources and documents, Christanto was known to RBA banknote executives and Bank Indonesia officials as ''Kaiser''. At Indonesia's state-owned currency printing factory, Perum Peruri, he was known as ''Napoleon'', according to a 2007 report in the leading Indonesian current affairs magazine, Tempo.

An investigation by Tempo nominated Christanto as a man with much influence at the Indonesian currency printing facility. He was, according to the magazine, for many years just about the only person a foreign company could go through to win supply contracts with Bank Indonesia and Perum Peruri.

The name ''Kaiser'' appears in Christanto's 1999 correspondence with Securency and NPA. When Christanto contacted Securency in July that year to request his commission payment be made into the nominated Singapore bank account, he asked for it to be marked to the attention of ''Kaiser''.

Other pieces of correspondence from Christanto to Securency/NPA refer to the mysterious sounding ''Kaiser Project''. What the Kaiser Project was is unclear.

Was it, perhaps, a plan by Christanto and the RBA companies to convince Bank Indonesia to award them more banknote contracts?

Christanto's correspondence does provide one certainty about the Kaiser Project: it was to be discussed over a round of golf with his Bank Indonesia friend, the mysterious ''Mr S''.

Ternyata Majapahit adalah Kesultanan Islam

http://thifanpokhan.org/cetak.php?id=105

Kesultanan Majapahit, Fakta Sejarah Tersembunyi

Posted by . on 10:12 PM

Islamedia:
Seorang sejarawan pernah berujar bahwa sejarah itu adalah versi atau sudut pandang orang yang membuatnya. Versi ini sangat tergantung dengan niat atau motivasi si pembuatnya. Barangkali ini pula yang terjadi dengan Majapahit, sebuah kerajaan maha besar masa lampau yang pernah ada di negara yang kini disebut Indonesia. Kekuasaannya membentang luas hingga
mencakup sebagian besar negara yang kini dikenal sebagai Asia Tenggara. Namun demikian, ada sesuatu yang ‘terasa aneh’ menyangkut kerajaan yang puing-puing peninggalan kebesaran masa lalunya masih dapat ditemukan di kawasan Trowulan Mojokerto ini. Sejak memasuki Sekolah
Dasar, kita sudah disuguhi pemahaman bahwa Majapahit adalah sebuah kerajaan Hindu terbesar yang pernah ada dalam sejarah masa lalu kepulauan Nusantra yang kini dkenal Indonesia. Inilah sesuatu yang terasa aneh tersebut. Pemahaman sejarah tersebut seakan melupakan beragam bukti arkeologis, sosiologis dan antropologis yang berkaitan dengan Majapahit yang jika dicerna dan dipahami secara ‘jujur’ akan mengungkapkan fakta yang mengejutkan sekaligus juga mematahkan pemahaman yang sudah berkembang selama ini dalam khazanah sejarah masyarakat Nusantara.

‘Kegelisahan’
semacam inilah yang mungkin memotivasi Tim Kajian Kesultanan Majapahit dari Lembaga Hikmah dan Kebijakan Publik (LHKP) Pengurus Daerah Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta untuk melakukan kajian ulang terhadap sejarah Majapahit. Setelah sekian lama berkutat dengan beragam fakt-data arkeologis, sosiologis dan antropolis, maka Tim kemudian menerbitkannya
dalam sebuah buku awal berjudul ‘Kesultanan Majapahit, Fakta Sejarah Yang Tersembunyi’. Buku ini hingga saat ini masih diterbitkan terbatas, terutama menyongsong Muktamar Satu Abad Muhammadiyah di Yogyakarta beberapa waktu yang lalu. Sejarah Majapahit yang dikenal selama ini di kalangan masyarakat adalah sejarah yang disesuaikan untuk kepentingan
penjajah (Belanda) yang ingin terus bercokol di kepulauan Nusantara. Akibatnya, sejarah masa lampau yang berkaitan dengan kawasan ini dibuat untuk kepentingan tersebut. Hal ini dapat pula dianalogikan dengan sejarah mengenai PKI. Sejarah yang berkaitan dengan partai komunis ini yang dibuat di masa Orde Baru tentu berbeda dengan sejarah PKI yang dibuat di era Orde Lama dan bahkan era reformasi saat ini. Hal ini karena berkaitan dengan kepentingan masing-masing dalam membuat sejarah tersebut. Dalam konteks Majapahit, Belanda berkepentingan untuk menguasai Nusantara yang mayoritas penduduknya adalah muslim. Untuk itu, diciptakanlah pemahaman bahwa Majapahit yang menjadi kebanggaan masyarakat Indonesia adalah kerajaan Hindu dan Islam masuk ke Nusantara belakangan dengan mendobrak tatanan yang sudah berkembang dan ada dalam masyarakat.

Apa yang diungkapkan oleh buku ini tentu memiliki bukti berupa fakta dan data yang selama ini tersembunyi atau sengaja disembunyikan. Beberapa fakta dan data yang menguatkan keyakinan bahwa kerajaan Majpahit sesungguhnya adalah kerajaan Islam atau Kesultanan Majapahit adalah sebagai berikut:

1. Ditemukan atau adanya koin-koin emas Majapahit yang bertuliskan kata-kata ‘La Ilaha Illallah Muhammad Rasulullah’. Koin semacam ini dapat ditemukan dalam Museum Majapahit di kawasan Trowulan Mojokerto Jawa Timur. Koin adalah alat pembayaran resmi yang berlaku di sebuah wilayah kerajaan. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa sangat tidak mungkin sebuah kerajaan Hindu memiliki alat pembayaran resmi berupa koin emas bertuliskan kata-kata Tauhid.


2. Pada batu nisan Syeikh Maulana Malik Ibrahim yang selama ini dikenal sebagai Wali pertama dalam sistem Wali Songo yang menyebarkan Islam di Tanah Jawa terdapat tulisan yang menyatakan bahwa beliau adalah Qadhi atau hakim agama Islam kerajaan Majapahit. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa Agama Islam adalah agama resmi yang dianut oleh Majapahit karena memiliki Qadhi yang dalam sebuah kerajaan berperan sebagai hakim agama dan penasehat bidang agama bagi sebuah kesultanan atau kerajaan Islam.


3. Pada lambang Majapahit yang berupa delapan sinar matahari terdapat beberapa tulisan Arab, yaitu shifat, asma, ma’rifat, Adam, Muhammad, Allah, tauhid dan dzat. Kata-kata yang beraksara Arab ini terdapat di antara sinar-sinar matahari yang ada pada lambang Majapahit ini. Untuk lebih mendekatkan pemahaman mengenai lambang Majapahit ini, maka dapat dilihat pada logo Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) Yogyakarta, atau dapat pula dilihat pada logo yang digunakan Muhammadiyah. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa Majapahit sesungguhnya adalah Kerajaan Islam atau Kesultanan Islam karena
   menggunakan logo resmi yang memakai simbol-simbol Islam.


4. Pendiri Majapahit, Raden Wijaya, adalah seorang muslim. Hal ini karena Raden Wijaya merupakan cucu dari Raja Sunda, Prabu Guru Dharmasiksa yang sekaligus juga ulama Islam Pasundan yang mengajarkan hidup prihatin layaknya ajaran-ajaran suf, sedangkan neneknya adalah seorang muslimah, keturunan dari penguasa Sriwijaya. Meskipun bergelar Kertarajasa Jayawardhana yang sangat bernuasa Hindu karena menggunakan bahasa Sanskerta, tetapi bukan lantas menjadi justifikasi bahwa beliau adalah seorang penganut Hindu. Bahasa Sanskerta di masa lalu lazim digunakan untuk memberi penghormatan yang tinggi kepada seseorang, apalagi seorang raja. Gelar seperti inipun hingga saat ini masih digunakan oleh para raja muslim Jawa, seperti Hamengku Buwono dan Paku Alam Yogyakarta serta Paku Buwono di Solo. Disamping itu, Gajah Mada yang menjadi Patih Majapahit yang sangat terkenal terutama karena Sumpah Palapanya ternyata adalah seorang muslim. Hal ini karena nama aslinya adalah Gaj Ahmada, seorang ulama Islam yang mengabdikan kemampuannya dengan menjadi Patih di Kerajaan Majapahit. Hanya saja, untuk lebih memudahkan penyebutan yang biasanya berlaku dalam masyarakat Jawa, maka digunakan Gajahmada saja. Dengan demikian, penulisan Gajah Mada yang benar adalah Gajahmada dan bukan ‘Gajah Mada’. Pada nisan makam Gajahmada di Mojokerto pun terdapat tulisan ‘La Ilaha Illallah Muhammad Rasulullah’ yang menunjukkan bahwa Patih yang biasa dikenal masyarakat sebagai Syeikh Mada setelah pengunduran dirinya sebagai Patih Majapatih ini adalah seorang muslim.


5. Jika fakta-fakta di atas masih berkaitan dengan internal Majapahit, maka fakta-fakta berikut berhubungan dengan sejarah dunia secara global. Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa 1253 M, tentara Mongol dibawah pimpinan Hulagu Khan menyerbu Baghdad. Akibatnya, Timur Tengah berada dalam situasi yang berkecamuk dan terjebak dalam kondisi konflik yang tidak menentu. Dampak selanjutnya adalah terjadinya eksodus besar-besaran kaum muslim dari Timur Tengah, terutama para keturunan Nabi yang biasa dikenal dengan ‘Allawiyah. Kelompok ini sebagian besar menuju kawasan Nuswantara (Nusantara) yang memang dikenal memiliki tempat-tempat yang eksotis dan kaya dengan sumberdaya alam dan kemudian menetap dan beranakpinak di tempat ini. Dari keturunan pada pendatang inilah sebagian besar penguasa beragam kerajaan Nusantara berasal, tanpa terkecuali Majapahit.

Inilah beberapa bukti dari fakta dan data yang mengungkapkan bahwa sesungguhnya Majapahit adalah Kesultanan Islam yang berkuasa di sebagian besar kawasan yang kini dikenal sebagai Asia Tenggara ini. Sekali lagi terbukti bahwa sejarah itu adalah versi, tergantung untuk apa sejarah itu dibuat dan tentunya terkandung di dalamnya beragam kepentingan. Wallahu A’lam Bishshawab. [sejarah-kompasiana]

HISTORY OF BANKING Where did King Solomon Treasure go ? an Asian Perfective

HISTORY OF BANKING
Where did King Solomon Treasure go ?
an Asian Perfective


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The History of Banking from Ernest Rauthschild

sumber : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon

Solomon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see Sulaiman (disambiguation).

King Solomon
King of Israel
Judgment of Solomon Nineteenth century engraving by Gustave Doré
Reign	c. 971 - 931 BC
Born	c. 1011 BC
Birthplace	Jerusalem
Died	c. 931 BC
Place of death	Jerusalem
Predecessor	David
Successor	Rehoboam
Consort	Naamah, Pharaoh's Daughter, ar ound 1000 other wives and concubines
Offspring	Rehoboam
Royal House	House of David
Father	David
Mother	Bathsheba

Solomon (Hebrew: שְׁלֹמֹה, Modern Shlomo Tiberian Šəlōmō, Arabic: سليمان‎ Sulaymān; Turkish: Süleyman; Greek: Σολομών Solomōn; Latin: Salomon) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a King of Israel. The biblical accounts identify Solomon as the son of David.^[1] He is also called
Jedidiah in 2 Samuel 12:25, and is described as the third king of the United Monarchy, and the final king before the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah split; following the split his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone.
The Hebrew Bible credits Solomon as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem,^[1] and
portrays him as great in wisdom, wealth, and power, but ultimately as a king whose sin, including idolatry and turning away from God, leads to the kingdom being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam.^[2] Solomon is the subject of many other later references and legends.

Contents [hide] 1 Biblical account 1.1 Wives 1.2 Succession 1.3 Wisdom 1.4 Relationship with Queen of Sheba 1.5 Solomon's sins 1.5.1 Jewish Tradition 1.5.2 Islamic Perspective 1.6 Solomon's enemies 1.7 Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division 2 Building and other works 3 Apocryphal texts 4 Historical figure 4.1 Archaeological evidence 4.2 Biblical account criticism 4.3 Chronological notes 4.4 Solomon's Pools 5 Jewish scriptures 6 Religions and Solomon 6.1 Judaism 6.2 Christianity 6.3 Islam 7 Fictional accounts and legends 7.1 One Thousand and One Nights 7.2 Angels and magic 7.2.1 Seal of Solomon 7.2.2 Solomon and Asmodeus 7.2.3 Artifacts 7.2.4 Angels 7.2.5 Solomon in the Kabbalah 7.2.6 The palace without entrance 7.3 Throne 8 Contemporary fiction 8.1 Literature 8.2 Film 8.3 Music 9 See also 10 References 11 Notes 12 External links

Biblical account

Wives

Solomon had seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines. The wives are described as foreign princesses, including Pharaoh's daughter and women of Moab, Ammon, Sidon and of the Hittites. These wives are depicted as leading Solomon astray.^[3] The only wife that is mentioned by name is Naamah, who is described as the Ammonite.^[4] She was the mother of Solomon's successor, Rehoboam.

The Anointing of Solomon by Cornelis de Vos.
According to 1 Kings 1:39, Solomo n was anointed by Zadok.

Succession

Solomon became king after the d
eath of his father David. According to the biblical First Book of Kings, when David was " old and advanced in years" "he could not get warm." ^[5] "So they sought for a beautiful young woman throughout all the territory of Israel, and found Abishag the Shunammite, and brought her to the king."^[5]
While David was in this state, Adonijah, David's fourth son, acted to have himself declared king, he being heir-apparent to the throne a
fter the death of his elder brothers Amnon and Absalom. But Bathsheba, a wife of David and Solomon's mother, along with the prophet Nathan induced David to proclaim Solomon king. Adonijah fled and took refuge at the altar, and received pardon for his conduct from Solomon on the condition that he show himself "a worthy man." (1 Kings 1:5-53)
Adonijah asked to marry Abishag th
e Shunammite, but Solomon denied authorization for such an engagement, although Bathsheba now pleaded on Adonijah's behalf. He was then seized and put to death (1 Kings 2:13-25). As made clear in the earlier story of Absalom's rebellion, to possess the royal harem was in this society tantamount to claiming the throne;^[6] this applied even to a woman who had shared the bed of a king advanced in age.
David's general Joab was killed, in accord with David's deathbed request to Solomon, because he had killed generals Abner and Amasa during a peace (2 Samuel 20:8-13; 1 Kings 2:5). David's priest Abiathar was exiled by Solomon because he had sided with rival Adonijah. Abiathar is a descendent of Eli, which has important prophetic significance. (1 Kings 2:27) ^[7] Shimei was confined to Jerusalem and killed three years later, when he went to Gath to retrieve some runaway servants, in part because he had cursed David when Absalom, David's son, rebelled against David. (1 Kings 2:1-46
) ^[8]

Artist's depiction of Solomon's court (Ingobertus, c. 880.)

Wisdom

One of the qualities most ascribed to Solomon is his wisdom. Solomon prays:

"Give Thy servant an understanding heart to judge Thy people and to know good and evil."1 Kings 3:9 ^[9]

"So God said to him, 'Since you have asked for this and not for long life or wealth for yourself, nor have asked for the death of your enemies but for discernment in administering justice, I will do what you have asked...'" (1 Kings 3:11-12)^[9] The Hebrew Bible also states that: "The whole world sought audience with Solomon to hear the wisdom God had put in his heart." (1 Kings 10:24) ^[10]
In one account, known as the Judgment of Solomon, two women came before Solomon to resolve a quarrel about which was the true mother of a baby. One mother had her baby die in the night after rolling over it in her sleep and crushing it; each claims the surviving child as her own. When Solomon suggests dividing the living child in two with a sword, the true mother is revealed to him because she is willing to give up her child to the lying woman, as heartbreaking a decision as it is. Solomon then declares the woman who shows compassion to be the true mother, and gives the baby back to her.
Solomon is also noted as one o
f many authors of Wisdom Literature. The Wisdom of Solomon, along with the books of Sirach, "are the familiar personalities and the events of Israel's history combinded with the wisdom tradition. Much of this literature, however, is attributed to Solomon."^[11] Solomon became a favorite author and contributor of different kinds of wisdom literature, "including not only the collections of proverbs, but also of Ecclesiates and the Song of Solomon and the later apocryphal book the Wisdom of Solomon."^[12]

Relationship with Queen of Sheba

Main article: Queen of Sheba

Renaissance relief of the Queen of Sheba meeting Solomon - gate of Florence Baptistry

King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, painting by Piero della Francesca

In a brief, unelaborated, and enigmatic passage, the Hebrew Bible describes how the fame of Solomon's wisdom and wealth spread far and wide, so much so that the queen of Sheba decided that she should meet him. The queen is described as visiting with a number of gifts including gold and rare jewels to decorate the temple, and also bringing with her a number of riddles. When Solomon gave her "all her desire, whatsoever she asked," she left satisfied (1 Kings 10:10).
Whether the passage is simply to provide a brief token foreign witness of Solomon's wealth and wisdom, or whether there is meant to be something more significant to the queen's visit and her riddles is unknown; nevertheless the visit of the Queen of Sheba has become the subject of numerous stories.
Sheba is typically identified as Saba, a nation once spanning the Red Sea on the coasts of what are now Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia and Yemen, in Arabia Felix. In a Rabbinical account (e.g. Targum Sheni), Solomon was accustomed to ordering the living creatures of the world to dance before him (Rabbinical accounts say that Solomon had been given control over all living things by God), but one day upon discovering that the mountain-cock or hoopoe (the Hebrew name for the creature is Shade) was absent, he summoned it to him, and the bird told him that it had been searching for somewhere new.
The bird had discovered a land in the east, exceedingly rich in gold, silver, and plants, whose capital was called Kitor and whose ruler was the Queen of Sheba, and the bird, on its own advice, was sent by Solomon to request the queen's immediate attendance at Solomon's court.
In an Ethiopian account (Kebra Nagast) it is maintained that the Queen of Sheba had sexual relations with King Solomon (of which the Biblical and Quranic accounts give no hint) and gave birth by the Mai Bella stream in the province of Hamasien, Eritrea. The Ethiopian tradition has a detailed account of the affair. (See Queen of Sheba)
The child was a son who went on to become Menelik I, King of Axum, and founded a dynasty that would reign in the eventual stalwart Christian Empire of Ethiopia for 2900+ years (less one usurpation episode and interval of ca. 133 years until a "legitimate" male heir regained the crown) until Haile Selassie was overthrown in 1974. Menelik was said to be a practicing Jew, had been gifted with a replica Ark of the Covenant by King Solomon, but moreover, the original was switched and went to Axum with him and his mother, and is still there, guarded by a single priest charged with caring for the artifact as his life's task.
The claim of such a lineage and of possession of the Ark has been an important source of legitimacy and prestige for the Ethiopian monarchy throughout the many centuries of its existence, and had important and lasting effects on Ethiopian culture as a whole. The Ethiopian government and church deny all requests to view the alleged ark.^[13]
Some classical-era Rabbis, attacking Solomon's moral character, have claimed instead that the child was an ancestor of Nebuchadnezzar II, who destroyed Solomon's temple some 300 years later.^[14]

Solomon's sins

According to 1 Kings 11:4 Solomon's "wives turned his heart after other gods", their own national deities, to whom Solomon built temples, thus incurring divine anger and retribution in the form of the division of the kingdom after Solomon's death. (1 Kings 11:9-13)
1 Kings 11 describes Solomon's descent into idolatry, particularly his turning after Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and after Milcom, the abomination of the Ammonites. In Deuteronomy 17:16-17, a king is commanded not to multiply horses or wives, neither greatly multiply to himself gold or silver. Solomon sins in all three of these areas. Solomon collects 666 talents of gold each year, (1 Kings 10:14) a huge amount of money for a small nation like Israel. Solomon gathers a large number of horses and chariots and even brings in horses from Egypt. Just as Deuteronomy 17 warns, collecting horses and chariots takes Israel back to Egypt. Finally, Solomon marries foreign women, and these women turn Solomon to other gods.
According to 1 Kings 11:9-13, it was because of these sins that "the Lord punishes Solomon by tearing the kingdom in two":^[2]

And the Lord was angry with Solomon, because his heart had turned away from the Lord, the God of Israel, who had appeared to him twice and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods. But he did not keep what the LORD commanded. Therefore the Lord said to Solomon, "Since this has been your practice and you have not kept my covenant and my statutes that I have commanded you, I will surely tear the kingdom from you and will give it to your servant. Yet for the sake of David your father I will not do it in your days, but I will tear it out of the hand of your son. However, I will not tear away all the kingdom, but I will give one tribe to your son, for the sake of David my servant and for the sake of Jerusalem that I have chosen.

Jewish Tradition

King Solomon sinned by acquiring too many wives and horses because he thought he knew the reason for the Biblical prohibition and thought it did not apply to him. When King Solomon married the daughter of the Egyptian Pharaoh, a sandbank formed which eventually formed the "great nation of Rome" - the nation that destroyed the Second Temple (Herod's Temple). Solomon gradually lost more and more prestige until he became like a commoner. Some say he regained his status while others say he did not.^[15]

Islamic Perspective

Main article: Islamic view of Solomon

In contrast to the Judeo-Christian tradition (taken from the books of Kings and Chronicles) that Solomon (Sulayman) fell into idolatry in his declining years, Islam denies that any such event took place, nor that Solomon ever turned away from God in any way prior to his death and views him as famed throughout the lands for his wisdom and fair judgments. King Solomon was also a prophet and a messenger from God. He was the youngest son of the Prophet David (Dawud). King Solomon was a talented man with versatile gifts, and so his father had made him his heir. After the death of Dawud he ascended the throne of Judia on account of his sagacity, power of judgement, right understanding, and spiritual insight. The Qur'an says: "And We verily gave knowledge to Dawud and Sulayman and they said: praise be to God (Allah) Who has preferred us above many of his believing servants". (27:15)

Solomon's enemies

Near the end of his life Solomon was forced to contend with several enemies including Hadad of Edom, Rezon of Zobah, and one of his officials named Jeroboam who was from the tribe of Ephraim.^[2]

Death, succession of Rehoboam, and kingdom division

The United Monarchy breaks up, with Jeroboam ruling over the northern Kingdom of Israel (blue on the map) and Rehoboam ruling the Kingdom of Judah to the south.

According to the Hebrew Bible and historical research, Solomon died of natural causes^[16] at around 80 years of age. Upon Solomon's death, his son, Rehoboam, succeeded him as king. However, ten of the Tribes of Israel refused to accept him as king, causing the United Monarchy to split and form the northern Kingdom of Israel ruled by Jeroboam, while Rehoboam continued to reign in the southern Kingdom of Judah.

Building and other works

Solomon and the plan for the First Temple, illustration from a Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Company

A sketch of Solomon's Temple, based on descriptions in the Scriptures.

During Solomon's long reign of 40 years, the Israelite monarchy, according to the Bible, gained its highest splendour and wealth. In a single year, according to 1 Kings 10:14, Solomon collected tribute amounting to 666 talents of gold (39,960 pounds).
Solomon is described as surrounding himself with all the luxuries and the external grandeur of an Eastern monarch, and his government prospered. He entered into an alliance with Hiram I, king of Tyre, who in many ways greatly assisted him in his numerous undertakings. For some years before his death, David was engaged in collecting materials for building a temple in Jerusalem as a permanent abode for the Ark of the Covenant. Solomon is described as completing its construction, with the help of an architect, also named Hiram, and other materials, sent from King Hiram of Tyre.
After the completion of the temple, Solomon is described as erecting many other buildings of importance in Jerusalem; for the long space of thirteen years he was engaged in the erection of a royal palace on Ophel (a hilly promontory in central Jerusalem); Solomon also constructed great works for the purpose of securing a plentiful supply of water for the city, and the Millo (Septuagint, Acra) for the defense of the city. However, excavations of Jerusalem have shown a distinct lack of monumental architecture from the era, and remains of neither the Temple nor Solomon's palace have been found. However, a number of significant but politically sensitive areas have not been extensively excavated, including the site where the Temple is traditionally said to have been located.
Solomon is also described as rebuilding major cities elsewhere in Israel, creating the port of Ezion-Geber, and constructing Tadmor in the wilderness as a commercial depot and military outpost. Solomon is additionally described as having amassed a thousand and four hundred chariots and twelve thousand horsemen. Though the location of Solomon's port of Ezion-Geber is known, no remains have ever been found. More archaeological success has been achieved with the major cities Solomon is said to have strengthened or rebuilt (for example, Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer — 1 Kings 9:15); these all have substantial ancient remains, including impressive six-chambered gates, and ashlar palaces, as well as trough-like structures outside buildings that early archaeologists have identified as the stables for Solomon's horses.
According to the Bible, during Solomon's reign Israel enjoyed great commercial prosperity, with extensive traffic being carried on by land with Tyre, Egypt, and Arabia, and by sea with Tarshish (Spain), Ophir, and South India.

Apocryphal texts

Rabbinical tradition attributes the Wisdom of Solomon to Solomon although this book was probably written in the 2nd century BC. In this work Solomon is portrayed as an astronomer. Other books of wisdom poetry such as the Odes of Solomon and the Psalms of Solomon also bear his name. The Jewish historian Eupolemus, who wrote about 157 BC, included copies of apocryphal letters exchanged between Solomon and the kings of Egypt and Tyre.
The Gnostic Apocalypse of Adam, which may date to the 1st or 2nd century, refers to a legend in which Solomon sends out an army of demons to seek a virgin who had fled from him, perhaps the earliest surviving mention of the later common tale that Solomon controlled demons and made them his slaves. This tradition of Solomon's control over demons appears fully elaborated in the early Gnostic work called the Testament of Solomon with its elaborate and grotesque demonology.^[17]

Historical figure

Historical evidence of King Solomon, independent of the biblical accounts, is scarce. Nothing indisputably of Solomon's reign has been found. Archaeological excavations at Hazor, Megiddo, Beit Shean and Gezer have uncovered structures that Israeli archaeologists Yigael Yadin, Amnon Ben-Tor, Amihai Mazar and US Professor William G. Dever have argued all belong to his reign and all were simultaneously destroyed by the Shishaq expedition.^[18] Others, such as Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, argue that these structures should be dated to the Omride period, more than a century after Solomon's reign,^[19] although they do believe that David and Solomon were actual kings in the region.^[20][21] Excavations on these sites are ongoing.

Archaeological evidence

In February 2010 archaeologist Eilat Mazar announced the excavation of what she believes is a 10th-century city wall and royal structure that she suggests, because of writing in Hebrew, to corroborate the existence of a royal palace and fortified capital city under control of a Hebrew king in Jerusalem in the 10th-century BC. Not all archaeologists believe that there was a strong state at that time, and archaeologist Aren Maeir is dubious about Mazar's dating ^[22][23] In 2008, excavations at Khirbat (or Khirbet} en-Nahas in southern Jordan (30.680917N 35.436127E) revealed ancient copper mines and related industrial remains that were radiocarbon-dated to the 10th century BC, the chronological time of Solomon. This discovery raised the question of whether the mines were part of Solomon's kingdom.^[24][25]

Solomon's Wealth and Wisdom, as in 1 Kings 3:12-13, illustration from a Bible card published 1896 by the Providence Lithograph Company.

Biblical account criticism

According to Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman, authors of The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts,^[26] at the time of the Davidic and Solomonic kingdoms, Jerusalem may have been unpopulated, or at most populated by only a few hundred residents, leading to the conclusion that this is insufficient for an empire stretching from the Euphrates to Eilath. According to The Bible Unearthed, archaeological evidence also suggests that the kingdom of Israel at the time of Solomon was little more than a small city state, and thus the collection of 666 talents of gold (which Solomon received per year) of tribute to be an implausibly large amount of money. Although both Finkelstein and Silberman do accept that David and Solomon were real kings of Judah about the 10th century BC,^[27] they write that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel is about 890 BC, whilst for that of Judah is about 750 BC. They suggest that due to religious prejudice, later writers (i.e., the Biblical authors) suppressed the achievements of the Omrides (whom the Hebrew Bible describes as being polytheist), and instead pushed them back to a supposed golden age of Judaism and godly rulers, i.e., monotheist, and devotees of YHWH. Some go further like the biblical minimalists, notably Thomas L. Thompson, who state that Jerusalem only became a city and capable of acting as a state capital in the middle of the seventh century.^[28]
These views are strongly criticized by William G. Dever,^[29] Helga Weippert, Amihai Mazar and Amnon Ben-Tor.
André Lemaire states in Ancient Israel: From Abraham to the Roman Destruction of the Temple^[30] that the principal points of the biblical tradition of Solomon are generally trustworthy, as does Kenneth Kitchen, who argues that Solomon ruled over a comparatively wealthy "mini-empire", rather than a small city-state, and considers this sum of 666 talents of gold to be a rather modest amount of money. Mr. Kitchen calculates that over a 30 year period such a kingdom might have accumulated from this up to 500 tons of gold, which is small when compared to other examples, such as the 1,180 tons of gold that Alexander the Great took from Susa.^[31] Likewise, the magnitude of Solomon's temple is considered excessively large by some, for example, Finkelstein; however, others, such as Kenneth Kitchen,^[32] consider it a reasonable and typically sized structure for the region at the time.
William G. Dever states "that we now have direct Bronze and Iron Age parallels for every feature of the 'Solomonic temple' as described in the Hebrew Bible".^[33]
The archaeological remains that are still considered to actually date from the time of Solomon are notable for the fact that Canaanite material culture appears to have continued unabated; there is a distinct lack of magnificent empire, or cultural development - indeed comparing pottery from areas traditionally assigned to Israel with that of the Philistines points to the Philistines having been significantly more sophisticated. However there is a lack of physical evidence of its existence, despite some archaeological work in the area.^[19] This is not unexpected as the area was devastated by the Babylonians, then rebuilt and destroyed several times.^[32] Also it should be noted that little archaeological excavation has been conducted around the area known as the Temple Mount; in what is thought to be the foundation of Solomon's Temple as attempts to do so are met with protest from adherents to the Muslim faith.^[34]
From a critical point of view, Solomon's building of a temple for YHWH should not be seen as an act resulting from particular devotion to YHWH, since Solomon is also described as erecting places of worship for a number of other deities^[14] (1 Kings 11:4). Solomon's apparent initial devotion to YHWH appearing in for example his dedication prayer (1 Kings 8:14-66) are seen by some textual scholars as a product of a much later writer, Solomon being credited with the views only after Jerusalem had actually become the religious centre of the kingdom (rather than, for example, Shiloh, or Bethel). Some textual scholars consider the authorship of passages such as these in the Books of Kings to be separate from the remainder of the text, and consider these passages to be probably the result of the Deuteronomist.^[35] Such views have been challenged by other textual scholars who maintain that there are evidences that these passages in Kings are derived from official court records from the time of Solomon and from other contemporaneousChronological notes

Main article: Edwin R. Thiele

Biblical scholars who believe in a historical Solomon argue that his regnal dates can be derived by independent methods: The division of the kingdom following Solomon's death occurred at some time in the year beginning in Nisan (in the spring) of 931 BC, as argued by Edwin Thiele,^[39] so that his fourth year would have begun in Tishri (in the fall) of 968/967 BC. Solomon's fourth year, in which Temple construction allegedly began, is calculated by modern scholars^[40][41][42] from the Tyrian king list of Menander as the year 968 BC without the use of biblical texts. Edward Lipinski suggests that the length of Solomon's reign, which is unknown, would have likely been 20 to 25 years starting ca. 956/5 or 951/0,^[43] although the Hebrew Bible claims that he reigned for forty years (1 Kings 11:42).

Solomon's Pools

Main article: Solomon's Pools

View inside Roman aqueduct from Solomon's Pools to Jerusalem

Solomon's Pools are located near the town of al-Khader about 5 miles southwest of Bethlehem. They are named after the Biblical king, probably because of his mention in Ecclesiastes 2.6, that "I made myself pools from which to water the forest of growing trees".^[44] However, more recent evidence suggests the pools were probably the work of Herod the Great to provide source water for the aqueduct built to supply water to Bethlehem and Jerusalem where it terminated under the Temple Mount. These source pools consist of three open cisterns, each at different elevations, fed from an underground spring. The total water capacity is about 3 million gallons (about 11 million liters).^[45]

Jewish scriptures

King Solomon is one of the central Biblical figures in Jewish heritage that have lasting religious, national and political aspects. As the constructor of the First Temple in Jerusalem and last ruler of the united Kingdom of Israel before its division into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah, Solomon is associated with the peak "golden age" of the independent Kingdom of Israel as well as a source of judicial and religious wisdom. According to Jewish tradition, King Solomon wrote three books of the Bible:

• Mishlei (Book of Proverbs), a collection of fables and wisdom of life
• Kohelet (Ecclesiastes), a book of contemplation and his self reflection.
• Shir ha-Shirim (Song of Songs), a chronicle of erotic love (there are contrasting opinions whether its subject is a woman or God).

The Hebrew word "To Solomon" (which can also be translated as "by Solomon") appears in the title of two hymns in the book of Psalms (Tehillim), suggesting to some that Solomon wrote them.

Religions and Solomon

Judaism

King Solomon sinned by acquiring too many wives and horses because he thought he knew the reason for the Biblical prohibition and thought it did not apply to him. When King Solomon married the daughter of the Egyptian Pharaoh, a sandbank formed which eventually formed the "great nation of Rome" - the nation that destroyed the Second Temple (Herod's Temple). Solomon gradually lost more and more prestige until he became like a commoner. Some say he regained his status while others say he did not.^[46]

Christianity

Russian icon of King Solomon. He is depicted holding a model of the Temple. (18th century, iconostasis of Kizhi monastery, Russia).

Christianity has traditionally accepted the historical existence of Solomon, though some modern Christian scholars have also questioned at least his authorship of those biblical texts ascribed to him. Such disputes tend to divide Christians into traditionalist and modernist camps.
Of the two genealogies of Jesus given in the Gospels, Matthew mentions Solomon, but Luke does not. Jesus mentions Solomon twice. The first reference is the famous simile of Matthew 6:28-29 and Luke 12:27, in which Jesus compares the lilies of the field with "Solomon in his glory". In the second reference Jesus alludes to the Queen of Sheba's visit to the court of David (Matthew 12:42, Luke 11:31). Saint Stephen, in his testimony before the Sanhedrin, mentions Solomon's construction of the Temple (Acts 7:47).
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Solomon is commemorated as a saint, with the title of "Righteous Prophet and King". His feast day is celebrated on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers (two Sundays before the Great Feast of the Nativity of the Lord).
The staunchly Catholic King Philip II of Spain sought to model himself after King Solomon. Statues of King David and Solomon stand on either side of the entrance to the basilica of El Escorial, Philip's palace, and Solomon is also depicted in a great fresco at the center of El Escorial's library. Philip identified the warrior-king David with his own father Charles V, and himself sought to emulate the thoughtful and logical character which he perceived in Solomon. Moreover, Escorial's structure was inspired by that of Solomon's Temple.^[47]

Islam

Main article Islamic view of Solomon

See also Biblical narratives and the Qur'an

Solomon also appears in the Qur'an, where he is called سليمان in Arabic, which is transliterated in English variously as Sulayman, Suleiman, Sulaimaan etc. The Qur'an refers to Sulayman as the son of David (Arabic: Dawud, Dawood, or Dawoud), a prophet and a great ruler imparted by God with tremendous wisdom, favor, and special powers (like his father). The Qur'an states that Sulayman ruled not only people, but also hosts of Jinn, was able to understand the language of the birds and ants, and to see some of the hidden glory in the world that was not accessible to most other human beings. Ruling a large kingdom that extended south into Yemen, via Queen of Sheba who accepted Solomon's prophethood and religion. He was famed throughout the lands for his wisdom and fair judgments. In particular, the Qur'an denies that Solomon ever turned away from God.

And they followed what the Shayatin(devils) chanted of sorcery in the reign of Sulaiman, and Sulaiman was not an unbeliever, but the Shayatin(devils) disbelieved, they teach people sorcery and such things that came down to the two angels at Babel, Harut and Marut, yet they(the two Angels) taught no person until they had said to them, "Surely, we are only a trial, therefore do not be a disbeliever." So they learn from them(the two Angels) that by which they might cause a separation between a man and his wife; and they cannot hurt with it any one except with Allah's permission, and they learned what harmed them and did not profit them, and certainly they know that he who bought it should have no share of good in the hereafter and evil was the price for which they sold their souls, had they but known this. ^{[Qur'an 2:102]}

Solomon is said to have been given control over various things, such as the wind, and transportation. Thus the Qur'an says,

And to Solomon (We subjected) the wind, its morning (stride from sunrise till midnoon) was a month's (journey), and its afternoon (stride from the midday decline of the sun to sunset) was a month's (journey i.e. in one day he could travel two months' journey). And We caused a fount of (molten) brass to flow for him, and there were jinn that worked in front of him, by the Leave of his Lord, And whosoever of them turned aside from Our Command, We shall cause him to taste of the torment of the blazing Fire. ^{[Qur'an 34:12]}

And before Sulayman were marshaled his hosts,- of Jinns and men and birds, and they were all kept in order and ranks. ^{[Qur'an 27:17]}

And Solomon, accordingly grateful of God, says:

"O ye people! We have been taught the speech of birds, and on us has been bestowed from everything: this is indeed the Grace manifest (from God)." ^{[Qur'an 27:16]}

According to the Qur'an, the death of Solomon held a lesson to be learned:

Then, when We decreed (Solomon's) death, nothing showed them his death except a little worm of the earth, which kept (slowly) gnawing away at his staff: so when he fell down, the Jinns saw plainly that if they had known the unseen, they would not have tarried in the humiliating Penalty (of their Task). ^{[Qur'an 34:14]}

Mausoleum of Nabi Suleman(Solomon),Aqsa Mosque compound,Jerusalam

According to Muslim tradition, when Solomon died he was standing watching the work of his Jinn, while leaning on his cane. There he silently died, but did not fall. He remained in this position, and the Jinn, thinking he was still alive watching them work, kept working. But termites were eating the cane, so that the body of Solomon fell after forty days. Thereafter, the Jinn (along with all humans) regretted that they did not know more than God had allotted them to know.

Fictional accounts and legends

One Thousand and One Nights

Main article One Thousand and One Nights

A well-known story in the One Thousand and One Nights describes a genie who had displeased King Solomon and was punished by being locked in a bottle and thrown into the sea. Since the bottle was sealed with Solomon's seal, the genie was helpless to free himself, until freed many centuries later by a fisherman who discovered the bottle.

Angels and magic

Main article Rabbinical literature

According to the Rabbinical literature, on account of his modest request for wisdom only, Solomon was rewarded with riches and an unprecedentedly glorious realm, which extended over the upper world inhabited by the angels and over the whole of the terrestrial globe with all its inhabitants, including all the beasts, fowl, and reptiles, as well as the demons and spirits. His control over the demons, spirits, and animals augmented his splendor, the demons bringing him precious stones, besides water from distant countries to irrigate his exotic plants. The beasts and fowl of their own accord entered the kitchen of Solomon's palace, so that they might be used as food for him, and extravagant meals for him were prepared daily by each of his 700 wives and 300 concubines, with the thought that perhaps the king would feast that day in her house.

Seal of Solomon

Main article Seal of Solomon

A magic ring called the "Seal of Solomon" were supposedly given to Solomon, and gave him power over demons. The magical symbol said to have been on the Seal of Solomon which made it work is now better known as the Star of David. Asmodeus, king of demons, was one day, according to the classical Rabbis, captured by Benaiah using the ring, and was forced to remain in Solomon's service. In one tale, Asmodeus brought a man with two heads from under the earth to show Solomon; the man, unable to return, married a woman from Jerusalem and had seven sons, six of whom resembled the mother, while one resembled the father in having two heads. After their father's death, the son with two heads claimed two shares of the inheritance, arguing that he was two men; Solomon, owing to his huge wisdom, decided that the son with two heads was only one man. The Seal of Solomon, in some legends known as the Ring of Aandaleeb, was a highly sought after symbol of power. In several legends, different groups or individuals attempted to steal it or attain it in some manner.

Solomon and Asmodeus

Main article Asmodeus

One legend concerning Asmodeus goes on to state that Solomon one day asked Asmodeus what could make demons powerful over man, and Asmodeus asked to be freed and given the ring so that he could demonstrate; Solomon agreed but Asmodeus threw the ring into the sea and it was swallowed by a fish. Asmodeus then swallowed the king, stood up fully with one wing touching heaven and the other earth, and spat out Solomon to a distance of 400 miles. The Rabbis claim this was a divine punishment for Solomon having failed to follow three divine commands, and Solomon was forced to wander from city to city, until he eventually arrived in an Ammonite city where he was forced to work in the king's kitchens. Solomon gained a chance to prepare a meal for the Ammonite king, which the king found so impressive that the previous cook was sacked and Solomon put in his place; the king's daughter, Naamah, subsequently fell in love with Solomon, but the family (thinking Solomon a commoner) disapproved, so the king decided to kill them both by sending them into the desert. Solomon and the king’s daughter wandered the desert until they reached a coastal city, where they bought a fish to eat, which just happened to be the one which had swallowed the magic ring. Solomon was then able to regain his throne and expel Asmodeus. (The element of a ring thrown into the sea and found back in a fish's belly earlier appeared in Herodotus' account of Polycrates of Samos).
In another familiar version of the legend of the Seal of Solomon, Asmodeus disguises himself. In some myths, he's disguised as King Solomon himself, while in more frequently heard versions he's disguised as a falcon, calling himself Gavyn (Gavinn or Gavin), one of King Solomon’s trusted friends. The concealed Asmodeus tells travelers who have ventured up to King Solomon's grand lofty palace that the Seal of Solomon was thrown into the sea. He then convinces them to plunge in and attempt to retrieve it, for if they do they would take the throne as king.

Artifacts

Other magical items attributed to Solomon are his key and his Table. The latter was said to be held in Toledo, Spain during Visigoth rule and was part of the loot taken by Tarik ibn Ziyad during the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia, according to Ibn Abd-el-Hakem's History of the Conquest of Spain. The former appears in the title of the Lesser Key of Solomon, a grimoire whose framing tale is Solomon capturing demons using his ring, and forcing them to explain themselves to him.
Other forms of Solomon legend describe Solomon as having had a flying carpet that was 60 miles square, and could travel so fast that it could get from Damascus to Medina within a day. One day, due to Solomon exhibiting pride, the wind shook the carpet and caused 40,000 men to fall from it; Solomon on being told by the wind why this had happened, felt ashamed. Another day Solomon was flying over an ant-infested valley and overheard an ant warning its fellow ants to hide lest Solomon destroy them; Solomon desired to ask the ant a question, but was told it was not becoming for the interrogator to be above and the interrogated below. Solomon then lifted the ant above the valley, but the ant said it was not fitting that Solomon should sit on a throne while the ant remained on the ground, so Solomon placed the ant upon his hand, and asked it whether there was any one in the world greater than he. The ant replied that she was much greater as otherwise God would not have sent him there to place it upon his hand; this offended Solomon and he threw the ant down reminding it who he was, but the ant told him that it knew Solomon was created from a corrupted drop, causing Solomon to feel ashamed.

Angels

Angels also help out Solomon in building the Temple; though not by choice. The edifice was, according to rabbinical legend, throughout miraculously constructed, the large, heavy stones rising to and settling in their respective places of themselves. The general opinion of the Rabbis is that Solomon hewed the stones by means of a shamir, a mythical worm whose mere touch cleft rocks. According to Midrash Tehillim, the shamir was brought from paradise by Solomon's eagle; but most of the rabbis state that Solomon was informed of the worm's haunts by Asmodeus. The shamir had been entrusted by the prince of the sea to the mountain cock alone, and the cock had sworn to guard it well, but Solomon's men found the bird's nest, and covered it with glass. When the bird returned, it used the shamir to break the glass, whereupon the men scared the bird, causing it to drop the worm, which the men could then bring to Solomon.

Solomon in the Kabbalah

Early adherents of the Kabbalah portray Solomon as having sailed through the air on a throne of light placed on an eagle, which brought him near the heavenly gates as well as to the dark mountains behind which the fallen angels Uzza and Azzael were chained; the eagle would rest on the chains, and Solomon, using the magic ring, would compel the two angels to reveal every mystery he desired to know. Solomon is also portrayed as forcing demons to take Solomon's friends, including Hiram, on day return trips to hell.

The palace without entrance

According to one legend, while traveling magically, Solomon noticed a magnificent palace to which there appeared to be no entrance. He ordered the demons to climb to the roof and see if they could discover any living being within the building but the demons only found an eagle, which said that it was 700 years old, but that it had never seen an entrance. An elder brother of the eagle, 900 years old, was then found, but it also did not know the entrance. The eldest brother of these two birds, which was 1,300 years old, then declared it had been informed by its father that the door was on the west side, but that it had become hidden by sand drifted by the wind. Having discovered the entrance, Solomon found an idol inside that had in its mouth a silver tablet saying in Greek (a language not thought by modern scholars to have existed 1000 years before the time of Solomon) that the statue was of Shaddad, the son of 'Ad, and that it had reigned over a million cities, rode on a million horses, had under it a million vassals and slew a million warriors, yet it could not resist the angel of death.

Throne

Solomon at his throne, painting by Andreas Brugger, 1777

Solomon's throne is described at length in Targum Sheni, which is compiled from three different sources, and in two later Midrash. According to these, there were on the steps of the throne twelve golden lions, each facing a golden eagle. There were six steps to the throne, on which animals, all of gold, were arranged in the following order: on the first step a lion opposite an ox; on the second, a wolf opposite a sheep; on the third, a tiger opposite a camel; on the fourth, an eagle opposite a peacock, on the fifth, a cat opposite a cock; on the sixth, a sparrow-hawk opposite a dove. On the top of the throne was a dove holding a sparrow-hawk in its claws, symbolizing the dominion of Israel over the Gentiles. The first midrash claims that six steps were constructed because Solomon foresaw that six kings would sit on the throne, namely, Solomon, Rehoboam, Hezekiah, Manasseh, Amon, and Josiah. There was also on the top of the throne a golden candelabrum, on the seven branches of the one side of which were engraved the names of the seven patriarchs Adam, Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Job, and on the seven of the other the names of Levi, Kohath, Amram, Moses, Aaron, Eldad, Medad, and, in addition, Hur (another version has Haggai). Above the candelabrum was a golden jar filled with olive-oil and beneath it a golden basin which supplied the jar with oil and on which the names of Nadab, Abihu, and Eli and his two sons were engraved. Over the throne, twenty-four vines were fixed to cast a shadow on the king's head.
By a mechanical contrivance the throne followed Solomon wherever he wished to go. Supposedly, due to another mechanical trick, when the king reached the first step, the ox stretched forth its leg, on which Solomon leaned, a similar action taking place in the case of the animals on each of the six steps. From the sixth step the eagles raised the king and placed him in his seat, near which a golden serpent lay coiled. When the king was seated the large eagle placed the crown on his head, the serpent uncoiled itself, and the lions and eagles moved upward to form a shade over him. The dove then descended, took the scroll of the Law from the Ark, and placed it on Solomon's knees. When the king sat, surrounded by the Sanhedrin, to judge the people, the wheels began to turn, and the beasts and fowls began to utter their respective cries, which frightened those who had intended to bear false testimony. Moreover, while Solomon was ascending the throne, the lions scattered all kinds of fragrant spices. After Solomon's death, Pharaoh Shishak, when taking away the treasures of the Temple (I Kings xiv. 26), carried off the throne, which remained in Egypt till Sennacherib conquered that country. After Sennacherib's fall Hezekiah gained possession of it, but when Josiah was slain by Pharaoh Necho, the latter took it away. However, according to rabbinical accounts, Necho did not know how the mechanism worked and so accidentally struck himself with one of the lions causing him to become lame; Nebuchadnezzar, into whose possession the throne subsequently came, shared a similar fate. The throne then passed to the Persians, who their king Darius was the first to sit successfully on Solomon's throne since his death, and after that the throne passed into the possession of the Greeks and Ahasuerus.

Contemporary fiction

Literature

• In The Divine Comedy the spirit of Solomon appears to Dante Alighieri in the Heaven of the Sun with other exemplars of inspired wisdom.
• In Friedrich Dürrenmatt's Die Physiker, the physicist Möbius claims that Solomon appears to him and dictates the "theory of all possible inventions" (based on Unified Field Theory).
• In Neal Stephenson's three-volume The Baroque Cycle, 17th century alchemists like Isaac Newton believe that Solomon created a kind of "heavier" gold with mystical properties and that it was cached in the Solomon Islands where it was accidentally discovered by the crew of a wayward Spanish galleon. In the third volume of The Baroque Cycle, The System of the World, a mysterious member of the entourage of Czar Peter I of Russia, named "Solomon Kohan" appears in early 18th century London. The czar, traveling incognito to purchase English-made ships for his navy, explains that he added him to his court after the Sack of Azov, where Kohan had been a guest of the Pasha. Solomon Kohan is later revealed as one of the extremely long-lived "Wise" (like Enoch Root), and compares a courtyard full of inventors' workstations to "an operation I used to have in Jerusalem a long time ago," denominating either facility as "a temple."

Film

• The Kingdom of Solomon (2009) - Iranian production directed by Shahriar Bahrani
• Solomon and Sheba (1959) - Epic film directed by King Vidor, starring Yul Brynner

Music

• Händel composed an oratorio entitled Solomon in 1748. The story follows the basic Biblical plot.
• Ernest Bloch composed a Hebraic Rhapsody for cello and orchestra entitled Schelomo, based on King Solomon.

See also

• Goetia
• Solomon and Marcolf
• Solomonic column
• This too shall pass
• The Judgement of Salomon (Giorgione)

References

• Dever, William G. (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-0975-8.
• Finkelstein, Israel; Neil Asher Silberman (2006). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-4362-5.
• Finkelstein, Israel; Neil Asher Silberman (2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0684869131.
• Thomas E. Levy & Thomas Higham (eds.), ed. The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. London ; Oakville, CT.: Equinox Publishing (UK). ISBN 978-1845530563. OCLC 60453952.
• Dever, William G.. What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Pub.. ISBN 978-0802847942. OCLC 45487499.
• Kitchen, Kenneth A.. On the reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.

Sumber :
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Islamic view of Solomon

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An artist's depiction of King Solomon, who is highly revered in the Islamic faith

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For other people with similar names, see Suleiman, Sulaiman, Suleman, or Solomon (disambiguation).

Sulayman (circa 985 BC - 932 BC)^[1][2], (Arabic: سليمان‎) is an Islamic prophet mentioned in the Qur'an and is known as Solomon in the Bible. The Qur'an and the Bible describe the same person, however the accounts differ on a number of aspects. He is also known for expanding and renovating the Al-Aqsa Mosque and constructing Solomon's Temple.
The Arabic version of the name may also be transliterated into Latin alphabet in various languages as Sulaiman, Suleyman, Sulayman or Suleiman and may be seen in English language texts in these forms as well.

Contents [hide] 1 Solomon's father 2 Solomon's court 3 Solomon and Sheba 4 Solomon's excellence 4.1 The Brilliance of Solomon 4.2 The Judgment of Solomon 5 Alleged idolatry of Solomon in the Judeo-Christian Bible 6 Death of Solomon 7 References to Solomon in the Qur'an 8 Notes

[edit] Solomon's father

In the Qur'an, Solomon is a son of Daud (David in the Bible). He is told to have learned much from his father, and subsequently made a prophet by God and given power over all creatures. Ruling a large kingdom that extended south into Yemen, he was known throughout the lands for his wisdom and fair judgements.

Solomon's court

Solomon is said to have been given control over various elements, such as the wind and transportation. In addition he had power over the Jinn, spirits as well as animals. Thus the Qur'an says:

And to Solomon (We made) the Wind (obedient): Its early morning (stride) was a month's (journey), and its evening (stride) was a month's (journey); and We made a Font of molten brass to flow for him; and there were Jinns that worked in front of him, by the leave of his Lord, and if any of them turned aside from our command, We made him taste of the Penalty of the Blazing Fire.

—Qur'an, sura 34 (Saba) ayah 12^[3]

And Solomon was accordingly grateful to God, he says:

And Solomon was David's heir. He said: "O ye people! We have been taught the speech of birds, and on us has been bestowed (a little) of all things: this is indeed Grace manifest (from Allah.)"

—Qur'an, sura 27 (An-Naml) ayah 16^[4]

Solomon and Sheba

An artist's imagining of Solomon meeting the Queen of Sheba

A well-known story of Solomon involves his interactions with the Queen of Sheba, Bilqis. Sulayman comes to know about the ruler through a talking hoopoe who states:

"I found (there) a woman ruling over them and provided with every requisite; and she has a magnificent throne.

—Qur'an, sura 27 (An-Naml) ayah 23^[5]

According to the story, she was a wise ruler, but her people worshipped the sun. Solomon invites her to submit to God. And so the Queen sends gifts to Solomon. These gifts offend Solomon, who is satisfied with that which God has granted him, and he begins to make preparations for war. Meanwhile, the envoys of the Queen return with the gifts, so the Queen decides to visit Solomon in person. At this point Solomon decides to test the Queen. He orders the Jinn to bring her throne from her palace before she reaches Solomon's court. A proud Jinn claims he could bring the throne before he (Solomon) stood up. But a man with knowledge of the Scriptures stands up and says he can bring the throne before the "twinkling of an eye"^[6] and as soon as he says so, the throne is there. Before the Queen arrives,Solomon disguises her throne in order to test her. Upon her arrival, she is asked to identify which of the thrones present is hers.
She is then asked to enter his palace, in which the floor is made of transparent glass built above flowing water. The Queen, ignorant of the existence of glass, and thinking that her clothes will get wet, uncovers her legs before entering. At this, Solomon explains to her the significance of all she has before; she has by this time submitted to God and their two kingdoms are at peace.
The Qur'anic account of the story of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba ends here. There are several stories (from the Old and New Testaments, among others) about Solomon and the Queen that do not appear in Islamic traditions. The Islamic position on all such stories neither confirms nor denies them.

Solomon's excellence

The Brilliance of Solomon

God frequently praises His servant Solomon in the Qur'an. He speaks of how Solomon forever remained steadfast to God, never turning away. One such example is:

To David We gave Solomon (for a son),- How excellent in Our service! Ever did he turn (to Us)!
Behold, there were brought before him, at eventide coursers of the highest breeding, and swift of foot;
And he said, "Truly do I love the love of good, with a view to the glory of my Lord,"- until (the sun) was hidden in the veil (of night):

—Qur'an, sura 38 (Sad) ayat 30-32^[7]

The Judgment of Solomon

The Qur'an speaks of a judgment that David and Solomon made together, regarding some stray sheep, but one in which Solomon alone proved to be right. God says:

And remember David and Solomon, when they gave judgment in the matter of the field into which the sheep of certain people had strayed by night: We did witness their judgment. To Solomon We inspired the (right) understanding of the matter: to each (of them) We gave Judgment and Knowledge; it was Our power that made the hills and the birds celebrate Our praises, with David: it was We Who did (all these things).

—Qur'an, sura 27 (An-Naml) ayat 78-79^[8]

Alleged idolatry of Solomon in the Judeo-Christian Bible

Unlike the Hebrew Bible, which states that Solomon declined to idolatry in his old age, the Qur'an mentions no such deviance, clearly pointing out that Solomon remembered God forever. God also mentions Solomon alongside other prophets, including his father, to show his high rank in the history of man. For example:

We gave (in the past) knowledge to David and Solomon: And they both said: "Praise be to Allah, Who has favoured us above many of his servants who believe!"

—Qur'an, sura 27 (An-Naml) ayah 15^[9]

Death of Solomon

Mausoleum of Nabi Suleman, Al-Aqsa Mosque compound, Jerusalam

According to the Qur'an, the death of Solomon was a lesson to be learned,

Then, when We decreed (Solomon's) death, nothing showed them his death except a little worm of the earth, which kept (slowly) gnawing away at his staff: so when he fell down, the Jinns saw plainly that if they had known the unseen, they would not have tarried in the humiliating Penalty (of their Task).

—Qur'an, sura 34 (Saba), ayah 14^[10]

When Solomon was to die, he stood up in prayer holding his cane. There he silently died, but, by God's will, did not fall. He remained in this position, and everyone including the Jinns thought that he was still alive. Finally God ordered a termite to weaken the cane so that the body of Solomon fell. It was thereafter believed that the Jinn (along with all humans) did not know everything and only God had knowledge of all.

References to Solomon in the Qur'an

• Appraisals for Solomon: 6:84, 27:15, 27:16, 21:81, 21:82, 27:18, 27:19, 27:21, 27:20, 27:22, 27:23, 27:36, 27:37, 27:38, 27:39, 27:44, 34:12, 34:13, 38:30, 38:31, 38:35, 38:36, 38:37, 38:38, 38:39, 38:40
• Solomon's preaching: 4:163, 27:25, 27:31, 27:44
• Solomon judged: 21:78 21:79
• Fitnah to Solomon: 38:32, 38:33, 38:34
• Solomon and Queen Balqis: 27:28, 27:29, 27:30, 27:31, 27:34, 27:35, 27:36, 27:37, 27:38, 27:39, 27:40, 27:41, 27:42, 27:43, 27:44
• The kingdom of Sheba: 27:23, 34:15, 34:18
• Solomon's death: 34:14

Notes

1. ^ The Truth of Life^{[dead link]}
2. ^ prophets (a.s.) - when & where
3. ^ Qur'an 34:12
4. ^ Qur'an 27:16
5. ^ Qur'an 27:23
6. ^ Qur'an 27:40
7. ^ Qur'an 38:30–32
8. ^ Qur'an 27:78–79
9. ^ Qur'an 27:15
10. ^ Qur'an 34:14